Disease relevance of Tixocortol

• Only 2 attempts to assess contact allergy attributable to inhaled corticosteroids in patients with asthma and/or rhinitis have been made, and only 1 single case of contact allergy attributable to budesonide and tixocortol pivalate was found [1].
• Effects of tixocortol pivalate on gastrointestinal disease in systemic mastocytosis: a preliminary study [2].
• RESULTS: Of 1536 patch-tested patients, 45 had hypersensitivity to tixocortol pivalate [3].
• Contact hypersensitivity to tixocortol pivalate [3].
• We report three women who had contact allergy to tixocortol pivalate or budesonide in nasal sprays, and one woman who had an allergic contact stomatitis from tixocortol pivalate in oral lozenges [4].

High impact information on Tixocortol

• Further studies are warranted to assess the value of tixocortol pivalate in the therapy of inflammatory diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract [2].
• Predisposing factors to tixocortol pivalate hypersensitivity include facial dermatitis and sensitivity to other contact allergens [3].
• Pivalone/tixocortol pivalate commonly yields positive reactions in the patch test series [5].
• However, since the introduction of new corticosteroids such as tixocortol pivalate and budesonide, mucosal contact sensitivity, particularly that affecting the nasal mucosa, has increasingly been reported [4].
• Patch tests with a series of 25 corticosteroids, some of them at different concentrations and in different vehicles, were positive to tixocortol pivalate, hydrocortisone, budesonide, prednisolone, hydrocortisone butyrate propionate, triamcinolone acetonide, and fluocinolone acetonide [6].

Chemical compound and disease context of Tixocortol

• 9/12 patients with allergic reactions to tixocortol pivalate reacted to intradermal hydrocortisone sodium succinate [7].
• All allergic reactions to other corticosteroids found by testing with tixocortol pivalate concurred with reactions to hydrocortisone-17-butyrate [8].
• The percentage of nasal deobstruction was significantly higher with tixocortol pivalate-neomycin than with neomycin alone by the fifth examination (9th day) regardless of the etiology of the sinusitis (allergic or bacterial) [9].

Biological context of Tixocortol

• In contrast to previously published data, frequent cross-reactions occurred with hydrocortisone-17-butyrate and tixocortol pivalate [8].
• Pretreatment with tixocortol pivalate stimulated the initial phagocytosis of C. albicans but continued uptake on prolonged incubation was inhibited [10].
• Tixocortol 21-pivalate inhibited generation of prostanoids from cyclooxygenase with an IC50 value of 19.6 microM without affecting the 12-lipoxygenase pathway [11].
• Unfortunately steroid side effects are too frequent and agents with low systemic bioavailability (budesonide, beclamethasone and tixocortol) are being investigated [12].

Anatomical context of Tixocortol

• When administered locally, TP and tixocortol (T) exerted a dose dependent inhibitory activity on exudate volume (ID30 = 12.4 micrograms or 13.1 micrograms/pleural cavity) and leukocyte count (ID30 = 83 or 230 micrograms); in the same conditions [13].

Associations of Tixocortol with other chemical compounds

• Patients with simultaneous reactions to many substances had high patch-test reactivity to tixocortol pivalate and hydrocortisone, while patients with few such reactions showed low reactivity (p=0.001 and 0.003, respectively) [14].
• Sensitization studies with mometasone furoate, tixocortol pivalate, and budesonide in the guinea pig [15].
• Both beclomethasone dipropionate and tixocortol pivalate caused an initial stimulation of phagocytosis and lysis of Staph. aureus [10].

Gene context of Tixocortol

• CONCLUSION: We conclude that, unlike the other glucocorticoids tested, tixocortol pivalate appeared to be a selective inhibitor of IL-5 release [16].
• Hydrocortisone acetate and beclomethasone dipropionate stimulated collagenase production at the lowest levels tested whereas tixocortol pivalate was only slightly stimulatory at the highest treatment level [17].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Tixocortol

• METHODS: Tixocortol pivalate has been incorporated in our standard 1-52 patch test series since November 1992 [3].
• There was a significant tixocortol pivalate sensitization of the test animals compared to the control group (p<0.05), after both challenge and re-challenge [18].
• We report on a patient in whom the misinterpretation of her allergic nasal symptoms to the corticosteroid tixocortol pivalate resulted in hospitalization and considerable medical expenses [19].

References