Disease relevance of Sncb

• We now report that immunization of Lewis rats with a peptide from beta-synuclein resulted in acute paralytic encephalomyelitis and uveitis [1].
• Beta-synuclein is a neuronal protein that accumulates in the plaques that characterize neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases [1].

High impact information on Sncb

• NACP sequence showed 95% identity with that of rat synuclein 1, a synaptic/nuclear protein previously identified in rat brain, and good homology with Torpedo synuclein from the electric organ synapse and bovine phosphoneuroprotein 14 (PNP-14), a brain-specific protein present in synapses [2].
• Immunoblotting revealed the presence of beta-synuclein in heavy myelin, indicating that the expression of beta-synuclein is not confined to neurons [1].
• Extensive oxidation was detected in the hippocampus where we identified 14-3-3 zeta, beta-synuclein, pyruvate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglycerate mutase 1 [3].
• Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that alpha- and beta-synuclein were localized to cellular cytosol and growth cones at 3DIV, with accumulating puncta-like labeling within axons and growth cones by 10-21DIV [4].
• At latter time points post-injury, alpha- and beta-synuclein immunoreactive puncta were localized to growth cone-like structures in regenerating neurites [4].

Biological context of Sncb

• The results suggest that PNP 14 may be important to neuronal cells, but not to glial cells, and that its physiological functions may be controlled by the phosphorylation reaction [5].
• It is possible, therefore, that PNP 14 might be a factor related to meiosis [6].
• Cell and tissue distribution and developmental change of neuron specific 14 kDa protein (phosphoneuroprotein 14) [7].
• PNP 14 mRNA was localized in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex, in the hippocampus, and in the cerebral cortex, suggesting that PNP 14 is synthesized in neurons of the granular layer and then transported to the molecular layer by axonal transport [8].

Anatomical context of Sncb

• The rank order of mRNA levels in different structures was cortex = hippocampus > striatum > cerebellum for alpha-synuclein; cortex > hippocampus = cerebellum > striatum for beta-synuclein; and hippocampus = striatum > cortex = cerebellum for gamma-synuclein [9].
• Autoimmune encephalomyelitis and uveitis induced by T cell immunity to self beta-synuclein [1].
• When a cytosolic fraction prepared from rat cerebral cortex was incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP, 32P was incorporated into PNP 14 [5].
• Phosphorylated PNP 14 was immunoprecipitated from rat brain synaptosomes labeled metabolically with [32P]orthophosphate [5].
• Injection of [32P]orthophosphate into the third ventricle of rat brain resulted in incorporation of radioactive phosphate into PNP 14 [5].

Associations of Sncb with chemical compounds

• We have also found that Ca2+, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II phosphorylates serine residue(s) of PNP 14 in vitro [5].

Co-localisations of Sncb

• In mature cultured primary neurons, alpha- and beta-synuclein colocalized almost exclusively with synaptophysin in the presynaptic terminal, whereas little gamma-synuclein was expressed at all [10].

Other interactions of Sncb

• In contrast, beta-synuclein was very weak or absent from the substantia nigra. gamma-Synuclein was absent from the terminals of substantia nigra pars reticulata, but sparsely distributed gamma-synuclein-containing neurons were detected in the substantia nigra pars compacta [11].
• PNP 14 was not detected in the endocrine cells of the intestine, testes, or adrenal gland, but it was present in axon terminals in both the medulla of the adrenal gland and the anterior pituitary gland [6].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Sncb

• Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that both alpha- and beta-synuclein migrate through the nerve by slow component b in a ratio of 2:1 [12].
• Furthermore, PNP 14-specific immunoreactivity was evaluated in the brains of various vertebrates, such as fish, frog, snake and chicken by immunoblot and enzyme immunoassay [13].
• Distribution and ultrastructural localization of a novel phosphoneuroprotein with a molecular mass of 14 kDa (PNP 14), and expression of its mRNA were studied in the adult rat central nervous system (CNS) by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry [8].

References