Disease relevance of Axonal Transport

• Rabies virus glycoprotein pseudotyping of lentiviral vectors enables retrograde axonal transport and access to the nervous system after peripheral delivery [1].
• Labeled phospholipids were delivered to axons and nerve endings of these cells by anterograde axonal transport following injection of [2-3H] glycerol into the L5 dorsal root ganglion [2].
• These five nerves, unlike the others, had all undergone Wallerian degeneration previously and the loss of hIK1-like immunoreactivity may therefore reflect reduced axonal transport of this ion channel across the injury site in regenerated fibres, as well as decreased expression in the cell body [3].
• Intracellular human immunodeficiency virus Tat expression in astrocytes promotes astrocyte survival but induces potent neurotoxicity at distant sites via axonal transport [4].
• Inhibition of fast axonal transport was induced by local compression in sciatic nerves of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus [5].

High impact information on Axonal Transport

• A recent report suggests a new mechanism involving altered interactions with a protein involved in axonal transport, leading to loss of neurotrophic factor transport [6].
• Kinesin-dependent axonal transport is mediated by the sunday driver (SYD) protein [7].
• This interaction is functionally important; in mice and in vitro, neurons lacking BPAG1 display short, disorganized, and unstable microtubules defective in axonal transport [8].
• The neuron-specific kinesin superfamily protein KIF1A is a unique monomeric motor for anterograde axonal transport of synaptic vesicle precursors [9].
• Kinesin-related gene unc-104 is required for axonal transport of synaptic vesicles in C. elegans [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Axonal Transport

• The axonal transport of proteins, glycoproteins, and gangliosides in sensory neurons of the sciatic nerve was examined in adult rats exposed to acrylamide via intraperitoneal injection (40 mg/kg of body weight/day for nine consecutive days) [11].
• Thus, peripheral inflammation induces the axonal transport of VR1 mRNA, which may be involved in the hypersensitivity of primary afferents to capsaicin and the production of inflammatory hyperalgesia [12].
• Diabetic neuropathy in the rat: 1. Alcar augments the reduced levels and axoplasmic transport of substance P [13].
• Low-concentration lidocaine rapidly inhibits axonal transport in cultured mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons [14].
• Transient ischemia of the retina results in altered retrograde axoplasmic transport: neuroprotection with brimonidine [15].

Biological context of Axonal Transport

• Mutations in sunday driver (syd) and the axonal transport motor kinesin-I cause similar phenotypes in Drosophila, including aberrant accumulations of axonal cargoes [7].
• Cell motility. Fast axonal transport dissected [16].
• One of the mutants identified in this screen, roadblock (robl), exhibits diverse defects in intracellular transport including axonal transport and mitosis [17].
• In agreement with previous studies, our results are compatible with an involvement of APP in axonal transport and vesicular trafficking, and with a potential association of APP with cellular protein folding/protein degradation systems [18].
• Neuromodulin (GAP-43) is a neurospecific calmodulin binding protein that is targeted to neuronal growth cones via fast axonal transport by an undefined mechanism [19].

Anatomical context of Axonal Transport

• These findings suggest that UNC-18 participates in the axonal transport system and influences the acetylcholine flow in motor neurons [20].
• These data thus indicate the presence and axonal transport of SP-, ENK-, and VIP-like peptides in the human vagus nerve [21].
• The axonal transport of the diverse isotubulins in the motor axons of the rat sciatic nerve was studied by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after intraspinal injection of [35S]methionine [22].
• In young mutant animals, fast axonal transport appeared to be intact, but NF-H, as well as NF-M and NF-L, accumulated in the cell bodies of peripheral sensory neurons accompanied by a reduction in sensory axon caliber [23].
• This finding suggests that incorporation of precursor choline phospholipids into nerve membranes is a local event, with little contribution from the neuronal perikaryon via axoplasmic transport [24].

Associations of Axonal Transport with chemical compounds

• Nerve-specific enolase and creatine phosphokinase in axonal transport: soluble proteins and the axoplasmic matrix [25].
• We conclude that capsaicin destroys the perikarya of primary sensory peptidergic neurones by interfering with the action of NGF, probably by blocking its retrograde axonal transport [26].
• Leucine enkephalin: localization in and axoplasmic transport by sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons [27].
• Vasopressin and oxytocin are presumed to be synthesized in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei for axonal transport to the posterior pituitary for storage and release [28].
• An action of BTX on the transport mechanism inside the fibers was indicated by the small reduction of adenosine triphosphate plus creatine phosphate, which in itself did not account for the block of axoplasmic transport [29].

Gene context of Axonal Transport

• The fast anterograde axonal transport of this compartment is mediated by APP and kinesin-I [30].
• Kinesin-mediated axonal transport of a membrane compartment containing beta-secretase and presenilin-1 requires APP [30].
• Anterograde axonal transport provides an 'afferent supply' of BDNF and NT-3 to neurons and target tissues, where they function as trophic factors and as neurotransmitters [31].
• Consistent with this notion, we find that blocking retrograde axonal transport by overexpression of dominant-negative p150/Glued in neurons inhibits BMP signaling in motoneurons [32].
• Disruption of axonal transport by loss of huntingtin or expression of pathogenic polyQ proteins in Drosophila [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Axonal Transport

• A novel and robust projection from gamma-aminobutyric acid-containing (GABAergic) inferior colliculus neurons to the media] geniculate body (MGB) was discovered in the cat using axoplasmic transport methods combined with immunocytochemistry [34].
• Gene targeting of GAN in mouse causes a toxic accumulation of microtubule-associated protein 8 and impaired retrograde axonal transport [35].
• In these mice, axonal dilatations with accumulation of synaptophysin, neurofilaments, mitochondria, and vesicles were documented, suggesting impairment of axonal transport [36].
• Impaired retrograde axonal transport from a nerve crush in streptozotocin diabetic rats [37].
• Changes in the axonal transport of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were studied in the painful mononeuropathy induced by setting 4 loose ligatures around the right sciatic nerve of the rat [38].

References