High impact information on Pgd

• While a null activity mutant allele of the structural gene for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster is lethal, a similar mutation for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is not [1].
• Taken together, the results of these experiments show that different genotypes of 6Pgd are associated with measurable biochemical and physiological differences [2].
• However, in situ hybridization of rat tissues demonstrated more restricted expression of Rel-N1 mRNA within a subset of neurons of the hippocampus, cortex, and other regions of the gray matter, but not in glial cells or white matter [3].
• We measured four-cutter DNA restriction site and allozyme variation at Pgd among 142 D. melanogaster X chromosomes collected from several geographic regions including North Carolina, California, and Zimbabwe (Africa) [4].
• Since the Pgd region appears to have low rates of crossing over, the reduced level of variation at this locus supports the idea that recombination rates are important determinants of levels of DNA polymorphism in natural populations [4].

Biological context of Pgd

• Allele frequency shifts to 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucomutase were observed in 5% oxygen, and a shift of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase allele frequencies occurred in 60% oxygen [5].
• We have determined the nucleotide sequence and structure of Pgd+, the Drosophila melanogaster gene that encodes the enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) [6].
• Finally, we assayed four-cutter variation at Pgd in a sample of 19 D. simulans X chromosomes and observed reduced levels of DNA variability and high levels of linkage disequilibrium [4].
• Heterozygotes for Pgd minus and a deficiency for Pgd+ were lethal [7].
• Thus, genetic drift among partially isolated populations has also been an important factor in determining the distribution of variation at Pgd in D. melanogaster [4].

Anatomical context of Pgd

• Only 421 bp of Pgd+ 5'-flanking DNA are necessary to direct expression in imaginal discs, gonads and gut of third-instar larvae [6].
• To characterize the cis-acting sequences necessary for expression of Pgd+, fragments containing this gene as well as Pgd+ promoter-lacZ fusions were introduced into the D. melanogaster germ line by P-element-mediated transformation [6].
• Using recombinant lines, we obtained data that suggested the existence of more than one gene on chromosome III involved in the regulation of G6PD in the fat body, and at least one of these genes affects the level of 6PGD as well [8].
• The chromosomal location of the genes for 6PGD and G6PD were determined by in situ hybridization to salivary gland polytene chromosomes [9].

Associations of Pgd with chemical compounds

• The effect of DDT on the polymorphism at the G6pd and Pgd loci in Drosophila melanogaster [10].
• Alternative 6Pgd-G6pd genotypes are shown to differ in relative in vivo carbon flux through the pentose shunt [2].
• Regulation of enzyme activities in Drosophila: genetic variation affecting induction of glucose 6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in larvae [8].
• These differences in responses are localized in the fat body, with 300 mM sucrose in the diet resulting in a sixfold stimulation of G6PD activity and a fourfold one of 6PGD in the line showing the strongest response [8].
• Hydrogen peroxide, a potential signal for elicitation of anti-oxidative genes in biologically stressed plant cells, did not induce 6PGDH or G6PDH transcripts or enzymatic activity [11].

Other interactions of Pgd

• In this case, the pn, wapl and Pgd loci no longer variegate, suggesting that the satellite-containing h34 region is not able per se to induce detectable PEV on the adjacent euchromatic genes [12].
• We found five parallel latitudinal clines for AdhF and three clines for GpdhS in five geographic regions as well as four clines for G6pdF, three clines for Est-6S, and two clines for OdhF and PgdF in four regions (data from South America for G6pd, Odh, Est-6, and Pgd were not available) [13].
• Nevertheless, adult alphaGPDH, and larval IDH and 6PGDH activities exhibited significant differences between the two populations [14].
• Furthermore, while patterns of allozyme variation are very similar at Pgd and Adh, the DNA data show that the evolutionary histories of these genes are dramatically different [4].
• Established chromosomal arm homologies of Muller's element A are only partly supported by present results since two of the probes (Pgd and zeste) hybridize at the proximal end of the XR chromosomal arm in the three Nearctic species [15].

References