Disease relevance of South America

• HPS in the United States is caused by at least three newly described pathogenic hantaviruses, each of which has a distinct rodent host, and cases of HPS have been recently recognized in Canada and South America. National surveillance of this sporadic disease remains essential for further defining the epidemiology and clinical spectrum [1].
• Over the last decade, chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria has spread to other areas from its original foci in Southeast Asia and South America. Additionally, new knowledge about the life-cycle of the malaria parasite, and about the pharmacokinetic properties of antimalarial drugs, has emerged [2].
• The finding of TEM-10 type and TEM-12 type represents the first detection of a TEM-type ESBL in South America. PER (for Pseudomonas extended resistance)-type beta-lactamases were detected in five of the nine isolates from Turkey and were found with SHV-2-type and SHV-5-type ESBLs in two of the isolates [3].
• Trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are important parasitic diseases affecting millions of people in Africa, Asia, and South America. In a previous study, we identified several flavonoid glycosides as antiprotozoal principles from a Turkish plant [4].
• Failure of combined chloroquine and high-dose primaquine therapy for Plasmodium vivax malaria acquired in Guyana, South America [5].

High impact information on South America

• At both millennial and orbital timescales, cold sea surface temperatures in the high-latitude North Atlantic were coeval with wet conditions in tropical South America, suggesting a common forcing [6].
• Titanium and iron concentration data from the anoxic Cariaco Basin, off the Venezuelan coast, can be used to infer variations in the hydrological cycle over northern South America during the past 14,000 years with subdecadal resolution [7].
• Although the use of free cocaine base is rising around the world, this is the first report of a nationwide medical epidemic due almost exclusively to this form of the drug, although similar problems are reported with smoking coca paste in South America [8].
• The geographic structure of Y-chromosome variability has been analyzed in native populations of South America, through use of the high-frequency Native American haplogroup defined by the DYS199-T allele and six Y-chromosome-linked microsatellites (DYS19, DYS389A, DYS389B, DYS390, DYS391, and DYS393), analyzed in 236 individuals [9].
• Further we found a previously undescribed CQR phenotype to be associated with the SVMNT haplotype from PNG and South America. This CQR phenotype is significantly less responsive to verapamil chemosensitization compared with the effect associated with the CVIET haplotype [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of South America

• First report of infection with community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in South America [11].
• Hospital resource use and cost of treatment with linezolid versus teicoplanin for treatment of serious gram-positive bacterial infections among hospitalized patients from South America and Mexico: results from a multicenter trial [12].
• Infantile sialic acid storage disease: report of the first case in South America [13].
• Urapidil has been approved as sustained-release capsules containing 30, 60 and 90 mg, respectively, and as ampules containing 25 and 50 mg for treatment of all grades of hypertension, in several countries in Europe, South America, as well as in Japan and other Asian regions [14].
• Chronic aluminium exposure and toxicity related to aluminium absorption and contaminated dialysis fluid continue to be a problem for many patients with renal failure, particularly in South America and in some developing countries [15].

Biological context of South America

• Autosomal, mtDNA, and Y-chromosome diversity in Amerinds: pre- and post-Columbian patterns of gene flow in South America [16].
• STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Among 415 individuals, from four continents (Africa, Europe, South America, and Asia), studied for exon 6 and exon 7 sequences, we selected 46 individuals (of respective phenotypes O [39], AB [3], B [3], or A [1]) for sequencing 1800-bp amplicons spanning exon 6, intron 6, and exon 7 [17].
• Global expansion of C4 biomass is recorded in the diets of mammals from Asia, Africa, North America, and South America during the interval from about 8 to 5 Ma [18].
• A modern Caribbean clade consisting of four distinct lineages has arisen, comprised of isolates from Caribbean islands and nearby regions of South America. This clade is defined by three amino acid substitutions in the E (aa 163 and 351) and NS1 (aa 52) proteins [19].
• Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) has been recognized increasingly as a significant public health problem in South America since Andes virus was first discovered in Argentina [20].

Anatomical context of South America

• The new compounds showed better drug-resistant reversing activity in chloroquine-resistant than in mefloquine-resistant cell lines and were generally more effective against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum isolates from Southeast Asian (W2 and TM91C235) than those from South America (PC49 and RCS) [21].
• However, gp45 B-cell epitopes are highly polymorphic among B. bigemina strains isolated from different geographical locations within North and South America. The molecular basis for this polymorphism was investigated using the JG-29 biological clone of a Mexico strain of B. bigemina and comparison with the Puerto Rico, St [22].
• Forty-two flavonoids and a stilbene (pinosylvin) were identified in the leaf exudates of 11 temperate species of Nothofagus from South America, Australia and New Zealand. The flavonoid profiles demonstrate significant taxonomic value at the subgeneric level [23].
• In conclusion, the present work indicates that it is possible to evaluate the ERK1/2 and p38(MAPK) activation in the central nervous system (CNS) of a freshwater fish largely distributed in South America. Moreover, Pb2+, an important environmental pollutant may activate in vitro and in vivo ERK1/2 and p38(MAPK) enzymes [24].

Associations of South America with chemical compounds

• Speakers included Gilberto Schwartsmann, MD (South America), Monica Morrow, MD (North America), Daniel Vorobiof, MD (South Africa), Rakesh Chopra, MD (India), Klaus Hoeffken, MD (Eastern Europe), Russell Basser, MD (Australia), Susan Matsuko Shinigawa (patient perspective), and Larry Norton, MD (closing remarks) [25].
• Paraguay tea, made from the leaves of the holly, Ilex paraguariensis, contains caffeine and theophylline and is a popular beverage in South America. Samples of the tea analyzed with gas chromatography contained belladonna alkaloids but neither caffeine nor theophylline [26].
• DDT, global strategies, and a malaria control crisis in South America [27].
• A population of subjects matched for age and sex adapted to 3000 meters above sea level living in Colombia, South America, was also studied (mean O2 saturation, 94 +/- 0.7%) [28].
• Mutation patterns in pfcrt revealed that chloroquine resistance evolved independently in southeast Asia, South America, and Papua New Guinea [29].

Gene context of South America

• Polymorphisms and inferred haplotypes at CYP11B loci were studied in two independent populations from Europe (n = 100) and South America (n = 99) [30].
• MSX1 and TGFB3 contribute to clefting in South America [31].
• In summary, we describe and validate a simple PCR-based system for typing vacuolating cytotoxin (vacA) alleles of H. pylori and show that this system correctly identifies the signal and midregion types of vacA in 77 strains from Asia and North and South America [32].
• The same major mutation accounted for 48% of the mutations among CHH patients from other parts of Europe, North and South America, the Near East, and Australia. In the non-Finnish CHH families, the A70G mutation segregated with the same major haplotype, although shorter, as in most of the Finnish families [33].
• DESIGN: We searched for GHRHR mutations in a new family with IGHD from a third continent (South America) and found the affected individuals to be homozygous for the same L144H change [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of South America

• To assess caffeine intake, 10% of the mothers were reinterviewed at their households and samples of reported information on drip coffee and maté (a caffeine-containing drink widely used in South America) were collected and sent to the laboratory for caffeine determination through liquid chromatography [35].
• Comparative performances of enzyme-linked immunosorbent, western blot, and polymerase chain reaction assays for human T-lymphotropic virus type II infection that is endemic among Indians of the Gran Chaco region of South America [36].
• Between 1983 and 1988, subgroups and serotypes were determined for 907 of 1,084 clinical specimens of rotaviruses collected in various countries of Europe, North and South America, Africa, and Asia. Enhanced enzyme immunoassays based on monoclonal antibodies specific for rotavirus proteins VP6 and VP7 were used [37].
• The polymorphism of Gc (group-specific components) has been investigated for a series of 3,160 individual samples from 11 Mongoloid populations in Asia and North and South America by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels [38].
• BACKGROUND: and Aims The four cultivated Erythroxylum taxa (E. coca var. coca, E. novogranatense var. novogranatense, E. coca var. ipadu and E. novogranatense var. truxillense) are indigenous to the Andean region of South America and have been cultivated for folk-medicine and, within the last century, for illicit cocaine production [39].

References