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Gene Review

Retnlb  -  resistin like beta

Mus musculus

Synonyms: 9030012B21Rik, Cysteine-rich secreted protein A12-beta, Cysteine-rich secreted protein FIZZ2, Fizz2, RELMbeta, ...
 
 
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Disease relevance of Retnlb

 

High impact information on Retnlb

  • This increased basal p38 phosphorylation level was also observed in the livers of RELMbeta transgenic mice [3].
  • Thus, RELMbeta is a potentially useful marker for assessing insulin resistance and may also be a target for future novel anti-diabetic agents [3].
  • In conclusion, RELMbeta, a gut-derived hormone, impairs insulin signaling probably via the activations of classic MAPKs, and increased expression of RELMbeta may be involved in the pathogenesis of glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia in some insulin-resistant models [3].
  • Because the serum concentration and intestinal expression level of RELMbeta were elevated in insulin-resistant rodent models, in this study we investigated the effect of RELMbeta on insulin signaling and metabolism using transgenic mice and primary cultured hepatocytes [3].
  • In addition, RELMalpha is able to form heterooligomers with resistin but not RELMbeta [5].
 

Biological context of Retnlb

  • We investigated in mice the tissue distribution and dimer formation of RELMbeta and RELMgamma and then examined whether their serum concentrations and tissue expression levels are related to insulin resistance [1].
  • CONCLUSIONS: These data define a critical role for RELM-beta in the maintenance of colonic barrier function and gastrointestinal innate immunity [6].
  • METHODS: We generated RELM-beta gene-targeted mice and examined colonic epithelial barrier function, gene expression profiles, and susceptibility to acute colonic inflammation [6].
  • RESULTS: We show that RELM-beta is constitutively expressed in the colon by goblet cells and enterocytes and has a role in homeostasis, as assessed by alterations in colon mRNA transcripts and epithelial barrier function in the absence of RELM-beta [6].
  • Analysis of the RELM beta promoter showed that Cdx2 plays a critical role in basal gene activation in vitro [7].
 

Anatomical context of Retnlb

  • Tissue expression levels revealed that elevated serum concentrations of RELMbeta and RELMgamma are attributable to increased production in the colon and bone marrow [1].
  • In addition, RELMbeta and RELMgamma were shown to form a homodimer and a heterodimer with each other, in an overexpression system using cultured cells, and in mouse colon and serum [1].
  • RESULTS: The intestinal tract produces RELMbeta and RELMgamma, and colonic epithelial cells in particular express both RELMbeta and RELMgamma [1].
  • OBJECTIVE: We sought to elucidate the function of RELM-beta in the gastrointestinal tract [6].
 

Regulatory relationships of Retnlb

 

Other interactions of Retnlb

  • Crystal structures of resistin and RELMbeta reveal an unusual multimeric structure [8].
  • Serum RELMbeta and RELMgamma concentrations were also clearly higher in db/db mice than in lean littermates [1].
  • RELMbeta and RELMgamma tissue localisation and expression levels were analysed by an RNase protection assay, immunoblotting and immunohistochemical study [1].

References

  1. Serum concentrations of resistin-like molecules beta and gamma are elevated in high-fat-fed and obese db/db mice, with increased production in the intestinal tract and bone marrow. Shojima, N., Ogihara, T., Inukai, K., Fujishiro, M., Sakoda, H., Kushiyama, A., Katagiri, H., Anai, M., Ono, H., Fukushima, Y., Horike, N., Viana, A.Y., Uchijima, Y., Kurihara, H., Asano, T. Diabetologia (2005) [Pubmed]
  2. RELMbeta/FIZZ2 is a goblet cell-specific immune-effector molecule in the gastrointestinal tract. Artis, D., Wang, M.L., Keilbaugh, S.A., He, W., Brenes, M., Swain, G.P., Knight, P.A., Donaldson, D.D., Lazar, M.A., Miller, H.R., Schad, G.A., Scott, P., Wu, G.D. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2004) [Pubmed]
  3. Resistin-like molecule beta activates MAPKs, suppresses insulin signaling in hepatocytes, and induces diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and fatty liver in transgenic mice on a high fat diet. Kushiyama, A., Shojima, N., Ogihara, T., Inukai, K., Sakoda, H., Fujishiro, M., Fukushima, Y., Anai, M., Ono, H., Horike, N., Viana, A.Y., Uchijima, Y., Nishiyama, K., Shimosawa, T., Fujita, T., Katagiri, H., Oka, Y., Kurihara, H., Asano, T. J. Biol. Chem. (2005) [Pubmed]
  4. Resistin-like molecule beta (RELMbeta/FIZZ2) is highly expressed in the ileum of SAMP1/YitFc mice and is associated with initiation of ileitis. Barnes, S.L., Vidrich, A., Wang, M.L., Wu, G.D., Cominelli, F., Rivera-Nieves, J., Bamias, G., Cohn, S.M. J. Immunol. (2007) [Pubmed]
  5. Inhibition of adipocyte differentiation by resistin-like molecule alpha. Biochemical characterization of its oligomeric nature. Blagoev, B., Kratchmarova, I., Nielsen, M.M., Fernandez, M.M., Voldby, J., Andersen, J.S., Kristiansen, K., Pandey, A., Mann, M. J. Biol. Chem. (2002) [Pubmed]
  6. Resistin-like molecule beta regulates innate colonic function: barrier integrity and inflammation susceptibility. Hogan, S.P., Seidu, L., Blanchard, C., Groschwitz, K., Mishra, A., Karow, M.L., Ahrens, R., Artis, D., Murphy, A.J., Valenzuela, D.M., Yancopoulos, G.D., Rothenberg, M.E. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (2006) [Pubmed]
  7. Regulation of RELM/FIZZ isoform expression by Cdx2 in response to innate and adaptive immune stimulation in the intestine. Wang, M.L., Shin, M.E., Knight, P.A., Artis, D., Silberg, D.G., Suh, E., Wu, G.D. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. (2005) [Pubmed]
  8. Disulfide-dependent multimeric assembly of resistin family hormones. Patel, S.D., Rajala, M.W., Rossetti, L., Scherer, P.E., Shapiro, L. Science (2004) [Pubmed]
 
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