Disease relevance of Nematode Infections

• The development of intestinal goblet cell hyperplasia/hypertrophy during nematode infection involves the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 via STAT6 activation [1].
• Prior nematode infection reduced the severity of colitis both macroscopically and histologically together with a decreased mortality and was correlated with a down-regulation of MPO activity, Th1-type cytokine expression in colonic tissue, and emergence of a Th2-type immune response [2].
• Specificity for all preparations, assessed by reactivity with sera from patients with other trematode infections and with cestode and nematode infections, was excellent [3].
• The purpose of the present study was to verify results of the lowest dose (5 mg kg-1) of febantel evaluated in an earlier trial in which there were no differences in efficacies of three dose rates (5, 7.5 and 10 mg kg-1 body weight) against natural gastrointestinal nematode infections of cattle [4].
• Effect of fenbendazole molasses supplement block treatment on nematode infection and subsequent weight gain of weanling beef calves [5].

High impact information on Nematode Infections

• Furthermore, production of Th2 cytokines from T cells as well as IgE and IgG1 responses after nematode infection were profoundly reduced [6].
• Our results show that the systemic secretion of RMCP II coincides with the immune expulsion of these nematodes, demonstrating clearly for the first time that rat MMC are functionally active during the immune elimination of primary nematode infections [7].
• These results provide the first demonstration of the critical role of IL-18 in regulating Th cell responses during gastrointestinal nematode infection [8].
• Protective immunity to nematode infection is induced by CTLA-4 blockade [9].
• In addition, our results provide evidence that Th2-associated responses protect against, and/or Th1-associated responses exacerbate, nematode infections [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Nematode Infections

• Reducing intestinal nematode infection: efficacy of albendazole and mebendazole [11].
• These effects cannot be attributed to residual nematode infections as treatment with the anthelmintic, thiabendazole, did not alter blood flow relative to untreated, actively sensitized rats [12].
• Nematode infection had no effect on isoflavonoid levels [13].
• Treatments of plants with external stimuli including salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, gibberellic acid and abscisic acid as well as wounding or salt stress did not result in changes in the gene transcription, indicating de novo transcription of Hs1pro-1 upon nematode infection specifically [14].
• Chromosomal regions controlling resistance to gastro-intestinal nematode infections in mice [15].

Biological context of Nematode Infections

• This likely contributes to the generation of immune responses with an anti-inflammatory Th2 phenotype, a well-documented feature of filarial nematode infection [16].
• The IL-4 and IL-10 genes were expressed at higher levels in afferent lymph cells than in efferent lymph cells throughout the course of the nematode infection in animals of both genotypes, while the proinflammatory TNF-alpha gene was relatively highly expressed in both lymph types [17].
• Modulation of intestinal muscle contraction by interleukin-9 (IL-9) or IL-9 neutralization: correlation with worm expulsion in murine nematode infections [18].
• The influence of gastrointestinal nematode infection on the kinetics of albendazole (ABZ) and its metabolites, albendazole sulphoxide (ABZSO) and sulphone (ABZSO2) in plasma and abomasal fluid was investigated in sheep [19].

Anatomical context of Nematode Infections

• IL-4- and IL-5-secreting lymphocyte populations are preferentially stimulated by parasite-derived antigens in human tissue invasive nematode infections [20].
• Overall, this paper demonstrates that dendritic cell vaccination can be used to successfully protect the host against intestinal nematode infection and suggests that IL-9 can act as a potent type 2 adjuvant during Ag presentation and the early stages of Th2 activation [21].
• ChaFFs may therefore be important effector or wound-repair molecules at the site of nematode infection, with potential regulatory roles for Ym1 and Fizz1 in the draining lymph nodes [22].
• By using IL-5 transgenic mice, it has been shown that eosinophils might play a key role in elimination of larval stages of nematode infections [23].
• Thus, vitamin E status is an important factor in the physiological response to intestinal nematode infection and may contribute to antioxidant-dependent protective mechanisms in the small intestine [24].

Gene context of Nematode Infections

• WSX-1: a key role in induction of chronic intestinal nematode infection [25].
• Our results suggest that IL-13 regulates Th2 responses to nematode infection and requires IL-4R alpha [26].
• Interleukin-4 (IL-4) has been shown to be crucial in parasite expulsion in several gastrointestinal nematode infection models [27].
• Disruption of CD40-CD40 ligand pathway inhibits the development of intestinal muscle hypercontractility and protective immunity in nematode infection [28].
• In contrast, parasitic nematode infections activated colonic expression of all three RELM isoforms without alteration in Cdx2 expression [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Nematode Infections

• T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, which activate signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) are expressed in the muscularis externa during nematode infection and are candidate mediators of the associated hypercontractility [30].
• Single dose albendazole appears to be appropriate for mass chemotherapy to control intestinal nematode infections in highly infected communities [31].
• The anthelmintic activity of 3 dosages of injectable levamisole phosphate was evaluated in 84- to 145-kg calves from a herd of cattle with a history of heavy gastrointestinal nematode infections [32].
• An experiment was carried out with three groups of grazing calves and one housed control group to study the effect of rotational grazing for periods of 1 and 2 weeks on the build up of lungworm and gastro-intestinal nematode infections respectively [33].

References