Disease relevance of Gastrointestinal Tract

• Human extrahepatic cytochromes P450: function in xenobiotic metabolism and tissue-selective chemical toxicity in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts [1].
• We have used a protein-based vaccine, tetanus toxoid (TT), together with the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin (CT), for oral immunization of mice to study the nature of antigen-specific Th cell subsets induced in Peyer's patches (PP) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and in the spleen (SP) during peak antibody responses [2].
• Tumors produced at the site of injection as well as metastases in the lung, spleen, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, and skin showed a human tetraploid karyotype [3].
• BACKGROUND & AIMS: Reg IV, a secreted protein and member of the Reg multigene family, is up-regulated in malignancies of the human gastrointestinal tract, including colorectal carcinoma (CRC) [4].
• BACKGROUND/AIMS: The neuropeptide somatostatin exerts multiple functions in the gastrointestinal tract and may also play a regulatory role in inflammatory bowel disease, as several other neuropeptides do, e.g., substance P or calcitonin gene-related peptide [5].

Psychiatry related information on Gastrointestinal Tract

• Cisapride is a substituted benzamide compound that stimulates motor activity in all segments of the gastrointestinal tract by enhancing the release of acetylcholine from the enteric nervous system [6].
• The results suggest that 5-HT in the PVN acts as a neural modulator that primes a hypothalamic satiation system to respond to CCK when the gastrointestinal tract contains food to be digested [7].
• A dose- and time-response study was first performed to assess the effects of DMH in several segments of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract [8].
• Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and anorexigenic peptide (AP), isolated recently from the urine of females with "hypothalamic" anorexia nervosa, have been shown to affect food intake but no study has been performed to compare their action on gastrointestinal secretions [9].
• Collectively, the results are discussed as being suggestive that drugs curbing ethanol absorption from the gastrointestinal tract may constitute a novel strategy for controlling excessive alcohol consumption in human alcoholics [10].

High impact information on Gastrointestinal Tract

• When response rates to antineoplastic therapy are good and the associated nutritional morbidity is high, TPN is recommended when the gastrointestinal tract is unavailable for use [11].
• Cholecystokinin peptides have been isolated in both the brain and gastrointestinal tract, and changes in concentration in the brain and in plasma have been shown to vary with feeding [12].
• The FHIT gene, spanning the chromosome 3p14.2 fragile site and renal carcinoma-associated t(3;8) breakpoint, is abnormal in digestive tract cancers [13].
• Nitric oxide is a mediator of relaxation in the mammalian digestive tract, raising the possibility that pylorospasm could be caused by a defect in nitric oxide production [14].
• Association of an isomeric species of carcinoembryonic antigen with neoplasia of the gastrointestinal tract [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Gastrointestinal Tract

• Protective effect of prostaglandin E2 in the gastrointestinal tract during indomethacin treatment of rheumatic diseases [16].
• We have previously reported that simultaneous delivery of allergen to the lung and gastrointestinal tract induces experimental eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) [17].
• Vascular IgA and C3 deposition in gastrointestinal tract of patients with Henoch-Schoenlein purpura [18].
• Norfloxacin administration resulted in the suppression of gastrointestinal tract colonization by aerobic bacteria without the development of norfloxacin resistance [19].
• OBJECTIVE: To determine whether selective decontamination of the digestive tract using oral and nonabsorbable antimicrobial agents and parenteral cefotaxime prevents infection in critically ill patients [20].

Biological context of Gastrointestinal Tract

• Each enhancer can direct expression in the appropriate tissues, the visceral endoderm of the yolk sac, the fetal liver, and the gastrointestinal tract, but each exerts different influence in these three tissues [21].
• This data, coupled with the introduction of sophisticated RNA detection techniques designed to elucidate patterns of gene expression of the UGT superfamily in human liver and extrahepatic tissues of the gastrointestinal tract, has aided in understanding the contribution of glucuronidation toward epithelial first-pass metabolism [22].
• Our results show that oral immunization with TT and the mucosal adjuvant CT selectively induced antigen-specific Th2-type responses which may represent the major helper cell phenotype involved in mucosal IgA responses in the GI tract [2].
• During gestation, AFP were produced by the yolk sac, the fetal liver, and in small amounts by the fetal gastrointestinal tract; there was no synthesis by maternal rat tissues [23].
• (c) Since totally depancreatized dogs had normal serum levels of IRG (originating presumably from the gastrointestinal tract), the question of essentiality of basal glucagon activity in glucose homeostasis during exercise could not be resolved by these experiments [24].

Anatomical context of Gastrointestinal Tract

• They are found in most extraembryonic and embryonic simple epithelia, including trophectoderm, visceral yolk sac, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, mammary glands, and uterus [25].
• The winged helix transcription factor Fkh6 is expressed in the mesoderm of the gastrointestinal tract directly adjacent to the endoderm-derived epithelium [26].
• Conversely, ectopic pha-4 expression produces excess pharyngeal cells. pha-4 encodes an HNF-3 homolog selectively expressed in the nascent digestive tract, including all pharynx precursors at the time they are restricted to a pharyngeal fate [27].
• CONCLUSION: In this study, all dosages of celecoxib were efficacious in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and did not affect COX-1 activity in the GI tract mucosa as evidenced by less frequent incidence of endoscopic ulcers compared with naproxen [28].
• Neuromedin U (NMU) is a neuropeptide that is expressed in the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system [29].

Associations of Gastrointestinal Tract with chemical compounds

• I report here that the combined antagonism of peripheral H1 and H2 receptors for histamine (1) attenuates drinking elicited by normal food-contingent stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract and (2) abolishes drinking elicited by pregastric food-contingent stimulation during sham feeding in the rat [30].
• The macrolide antibiotic erythromycin also interacted with the cloned motilin receptor, providing a molecular basis for its effects on the human GI tract [31].
• In laboratory rodents, concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) are exceedingly high (up to 7 to 8 millimolar) in the glandular gastric tissue compared to concentrations in other portions of the gastrointestinal tract or to those of most other organs [32].
• Cost-effectiveness of misoprostol for prophylaxis against nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastrointestinal tract bleeding [33].
• The overall incidences of GI tract adverse effects were 19% for placebo; 28%, 25%, and 26% for celecoxib 100 mg, 200 mg, and 400 mg twice per day, respectively; and 31 % for naproxen [28].

Gene context of Gastrointestinal Tract

• We find that EGF-R-/- mice survive for up to 8 days after birth and suffer from impaired epithelial development in several organs, including skin, lung and gastrointestinal tract [34].
• The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is essential for vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract [35].
• Galanin is widely distributed in enteric nerve terminals lining the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract [36].
• Within the gastrointestinal tract, GRP receptors (GRP-R) are not normally expressed by mucosal epithelial cells except for those lining the gastric antrum [37].
• We have shown previously that galanin-1 receptors (Gal1-R) are expressed by epithelial cells lining the human GI tract, and upon activation cause Cl- secretion [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Gastrointestinal Tract

• Here, we evaluated the functions of the two major signaling pathways, the signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 and 3 (STAT1/3) and the Src-homology tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2)-Ras-ERK, emanating from the common signal transducer, gp130, in the gastrointestinal tract [38].
• These studies indicate that orally administered HSG can survive passage in the gastrointestinal tract in an immunologically active form, and that the oral administration of immunoglobulins with specific reactivities has potential for the prevention or treatment of gastrointestinal infections [39].
• The aim of the present study was to elucidate the cellular sites of 5-HT3R expression in the rat GI tract using immunohistochemistry [40].
• SP gene expression was localized by Northern blotting and in situ hybridization in the adult and fetal rat digestive tract [41].
• Distribution and density of substance P receptors in the feline gastrointestinal tract using autoradiography [42].

References