Disease relevance of TRO

• Implantation-dependent expression of trophinin by maternal fallopian tube epithelia during tubal pregnancies: possible role of human chorionic gonadotrophin on ectopic pregnancy [1].
• Expression of trophinin in the cycling endometrium and its association with infertility [2].
• Postoperative complications were observed in 4 hips of THA after TRO [3].
• Clinical results suggest TRO could be given for treatment of genital gonorrhoea in Puerto Rico due to the high prevalence of both chromosomally-mediated penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (20%) and penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (7.5%) strains and the high rate of failure seen with the use of APPG [4].
• Efficacy of single-dose spectinomycin (TRO: 2 g intramuscularly) was compared with that of aqueous procaine penicillin G (APPG:4.8 x 10(6) units) plus 1 g of probenecid for treatment of gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis [4].

High impact information on TRO

• Another, named tastin, is a cytoplasmic protein and is necessary for trophinin to function as a cell adhesion molecule [5].
• Trophinin is a membrane protein that is potentially involved in human embryo implantation by mediating homophillic cell adhesion between trophoblastic cells and endometrial cells [6].
• These results suggest strongly that trophinin enhances invasiveness of the cells and promotes metastasis of testicular germ cell tumor [6].
• To determine whether trophinin promotes aggressiveness of the cell, trophinin-negative human seminona cell line JKT-1 was stably transfected with a mammalian expression vector containing trophinin cDNA [6].
• Because the process of tumor metastasis resembles that of trophoblast invasion and proliferation during embryo implantation, we hypothesized that testicular cancers that synthesize hCG express trophinin thus becoming aggressive trophoblast-like cells [6].

Biological context of TRO

• Trophinin and tastin form a cell adhesion molecule complex that potentially mediates an initial attachment of the blastocyst to uterine epithelial cells at the time of implantation [7].
• As both beta-subunit of hCG and trophinin genes have diverged in mammals, the present study suggests a unique role of hCG and trophinin in human embryo implantation, including the pathogenesis of ectopic pregnancy [1].
• Trophinin expression in maternal cells was particularly high in the area adjacent to the trophoblasts, whereas trophinin was barely detectable in intact fallopian tubes from women with in utero pregnancies or without pregnancies [1].
• Assignment of trophoblast/endometrial epithelium cell adhesion molecule trophinin gene TRO to human chromosome bands Xp11.22-->p11.21 by in situ hybridization [8].
• RESULTS: Trophinin expression was detected in the luteal-phase endometrium of both normal and infertile women, which peaked in the mid-luteal phase [2].

Anatomical context of TRO

• Since the trophectoderm of the human blastocyst secretes hCG before and after implantation, these results suggest that hCG from the human embryo induces trophinin expression by maternal cells [1].
• When explants of intact fallopian tube were incubated with the human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), trophinin expression was enhanced in epithelial cells [1].
• In placenta from the 6th week of pregnancy, trophinin and bystin were found in the cytoplasm of the syncytiotrophoblast in the chorionic villi, and in endometrial decidual cells at the utero placental interface [9].
• In human endometrium, trophinin is expressed for a limited period in the luminal epithelium at the time expected for implantation [10].
• The unique expression pattern and cell adhesion activity exhibited by trophinin, tastin, and bystin suggest strongly the involvement of these molecules in the initial attachment of blastocyst to uterus [10].

Associations of TRO with chemical compounds

• Intracerebroventricular infusion of cytosine-beta-d-arabiofuranoside (Ara-C) eliminated trophinin-positive cells in the SVZ [11].
• CHEB, TRE, and TRO LC genes were found to be highly homologous to the same germline gene O2/O12 [12].
• Addition of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) to ozonated waters resulted in TRO elimination and survival of all organisms [13].

Physical interactions of TRO

• In the absence of GWRQ, trophinin interacted with the cytoplasmic protein bystin, which binds to ErbB4 and blocks its autophosphorylation [14].

Other interactions of TRO

• Trophinin and tastin, however, do not directly bind to each other, suggesting the presence of an intermediary protein [7].
• The MAGE-D proteins contain an additional, fourth domain, which in the case of MAGE-D3 coincides with trophinin, a separate molecule described previously as an adhesion molecule that participates in embryo implantation [15].
• We compared the clinical and radiographic outcome of 15 hips converted to total hip arthroplasty after failed transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy (THA after TRO) for avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) with that of a matched control group of 16 hips with primary THA for ANFH [3].
• We now report on the primary structure of three other kappa-LC of the V kappa l variability subgroup associated with FS (TRE, TRO, and DEL) [12].
• The development of the OAP cytostatics CP, IFO, TRO, and SUFO derives from the idea of applying the principle of transport form/active form to the highly reactive nitrogen mustard compounds [16].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of TRO

• Treatment failures seen with TRO were not correlated to isolates with the higher MICs [4].

References