Disease relevance of Trophoblasts

• STOX1 is a candidate for preeclampsia controlling polyploidization of extravillus trophoblast [1].
• Action of anticardiolipin and antibodies to beta2-glycoprotein-I on trophoblast proliferation as a mechanism for fetal death [2].
• In hydatidiform mole, which still retains placental villous morphology, the hPL gene and hCG alpha and -beta genes are expressed but are poorly localized because of the admixture of cyto- and syncytiotrophoblasts [3].
• The ConA-induced failure of the trophoblast giant cell barrier results in hematoma formation between the trophoblast giant cell layer and the embryonic yolk sac in a phenocopy of dying K8-deficient concepti in a sensitive genetic background [4].
• This is the case for the ERVWE1 locus of the human endogenous retrovirus W family (HERV-W), which encodes an envelope glycoprotein (syncytin) likely involved in trophoblast differentiation [5].

Psychiatry related information on Trophoblasts

• The transient presence of VIP binding sites and mRNA in the decidua/trophoblast correlate with the critical period of VIP growth regulation, when VIP mRNA is absent in the embryo [6].
• These agglutinin titres were independent of the family relationship between individual sera and trophoblast samples [7].

High impact information on Trophoblasts

• We show here that this event can be mimicked by overexpression of Caudal-related homeobox 2 (Cdx2), which is sufficient to generate proper trophoblast stem (TS) cells [8].
• Four STOX1 transcripts are expressed in early placenta, including invasive extravillus trophoblast, generating three different isoforms [1].
• In addition, chorionic trophoblast cells in Gcm1-deficient placentas do not fuse to form syncytiotrophoblast [9].
• The chorioallantoic villi develop after embryonic day (E) 8.5 through extensive folding and branching of an initially flat sheet of trophoblast cells, the chorionic plate, in response to contact with the allantois [9].
• After implantation, Hand1 expression is restricted to placental trophoblast cells and later to embryonic cardiac and neural crest cells [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Trophoblasts

• Sustained hyperglycemia in vitro down-regulates the GLUT1 glucose transport system of cultured human term placental trophoblast: a mechanism to protect fetal development [11]?
• Previously we showed, by immunofluorescence localization on placental tissue, that in pre-eclampsia invasive cytotrophoblasts fail to properly modulate their integrin repertoire [12].
• Because production of the alpha and beta CG subunits is coupled to the differentiation state of the trophoblasts, we compared the effect of adenosine on CG synthesis in the choriocarcinoma cell line with that in cytotrophoblast cells isolated from normal human term placenta [13].
• The expression and activity of prostaglandin H synthase-2 is enhanced in trophoblast from women with preeclampsia [14].
• We conclude that increased placental production of lipid peroxides and thromboxane in preeclampsia originates from both the trophoblast cell and the villous core compartments [15].

Biological context of Trophoblasts

• Therefore, Hand1 is essential for differentiation of both trophoblast and cardiomyocytes, which are embryologically distinct cell lineages [10].
• The pattern of enzyme production by the trophoblast is closely correlated with the invasive period of these cells in vivo and implies that plasminogen activator is involved in embryo implantation [16].
• We show here that the X-linked homeobox gene Esx1 (refs 5,6), whose expression is restricted to extraembryonic tissues, is a chromosomally imprinted regulator of placental morphogenesis and trophoblast differentiation [17].
• The synthesis of glycoproteins and inhibition of protein glycosylation by tunicamycin were examined during development of preimplantation mouse embryos and trophoblast adhesion [18].
• Genomic imprinting of Mash2, a mouse gene required for trophoblast development [19].

Anatomical context of Trophoblasts

• At the blastocyst stage, trophoblast cells of the blastocyst were linked by junctional channels to other trophoblast cells as well as to cells of the inner cell mass, as indicated by the spread of injected fluorescein [20].
• CONCLUSIONS: Antiphospholipid antibodies reduce the levels of annexin V and accelerate the coagulation of plasma on cultured trophoblasts and endothelial cells [21].
• The active substance implicated in signalling maternal recognition of pregnancy in the sheep is an embryonic secretory protein, known as ovine trophoblast protein-1 (oTP-1) (refs 2-4), which is targeted in a paracrine manner to the uterine epithelium of the mother [22].
• Mutant trophoectoderm does not differentiate into trophoblast, indicating that Eomesodermin may be required for the development of trophoblast stem cells [23].
• Our results indicate that Eomesodermin defines a conserved molecular pathway controlling the morphogenetic movements of germ layer formation and has acquired a new function in mammals in the differentiation of trophoblast [23].

Associations of Trophoblasts with chemical compounds

• In turn, estrogen has specific stimulatory effects on the receptor-mediated uptake of LDL by, and P-450scc activity within, syncytiotrophoblasts, thus promoting the biosynthesis of progesterone [24].
• Rapid T cell-induced rejection of all allogeneic concepti occurred when pregnant mice were treated with a pharmacologic inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme expressed by trophoblasts and macrophages [25].
• T cell antigen receptor (TCR) stimulation induces tyrosine phosphorylation of many intracellular proteins, including the proto-oncogene Vav, which is expressed exclusively in hematopoietic and trophoblast cells [26].
• A screen to identify chemokine activity through the induction of a Ca(2)+ flux in cells transfected with individual chemokine receptors suggested that cytotrophoblasts secreted monocyte inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha [27].
• A faster eluting, neuraminidase-sensitive, fraction was observed on Sephadex chromatography of the trophoblast spectra when D-glucosamine was used as precursor [28].

Gene context of Trophoblasts

• A class I antigen, HLA-G, expressed in human trophoblasts [29].
• Defective trophoblast function in mice with a targeted mutation of Ets2 [30].
• Analysis of Arnt(-/-) placentas reveals an aberrant cellular architecture due to altered cell fate determination of Arnt(-/-) trophoblasts [31].
• During RCHOI trophoblast stem cell differentiation, B56delta expression is downregulated and HAND1 phosphorylation increases [32].
• Therefore, given that HLA-G expression is restricted to fetal trophoblast cells, KIR2DL4 may provide important signals to maternal NK decidual cells that interact with trophoblast cells at the maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Trophoblasts

• IL-10 secreted by cytotrophoblasts in vitro is bioactive, as determined by its ability to suppress interferon gamma production in an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction [34].
• In cocultures decidual cells inhibited choriogonadotropin (hCG) release from trophoblasts by 75% in comparison with controls (P less than 0.001) [35].
• Of the 49 patients allocated laparoscopic salpingostomy, 35 (72%) were successfully treated by laparoscopic salpingostomy alone; salpingectomy was needed in four (8%) patients, and ten (20%) needed methotrexate for persistent trophoblast [36].
• However, the blots--as well as in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry--demonstrated that hFcRII-C (along with a second monocyte marker, the c-fms encoded CSF-1 receptor) was expressed in placental syncytiotrophoblasts [37].
• Immunofluorescence experiments show that both the ECMr antigens and the cytoskeletal proteins vinculin and talin are enriched on the cell processes and ventral surfaces of trophectoderm cells in embryo outgrowths, in patterns similar to those seen in fibroblasts, and consistent with their role in adhesion of the trophoblast cells to the substratum [38].

References