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Hoffmann, R. A wiki for the life sciences where authorship matters. Nature Genetics (2008)
 
MeSH Review

Handwashing

 
 
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Disease relevance of Handwashing

 

High impact information on Handwashing

  • Surveys of fecal coliforms on the hands of nursery personnel revealed no change in prevalence after introduction of a policy of "triple" handwashing with 3 percent hexachlorophene soap, but a significant decrease occurred during the use of disposable gloves [6].
  • CONCLUSION: Within the ranges of parameters studied, the most effective strategies for reducing the rate of MRSA transmission were increasing the handwashing rates for visits involving contact with skin or bodily fluid and screening patients for MRSA at admission [7].
  • STUDY DESIGN: This was a randomized controlled trial that compared 10% povidone iodine and 4% chlorhexidine gluconate as surgical scrubs [8].
  • CONCLUSION: Hand-hygiene practices were improved with increased frequency of handwashing through increasing awareness of the importance of hand hygiene, and the use of alcohol gel hand sanitizer in university dormitories [9].
  • An examination of the adenosine triphosphate (a measure of residual organic soil), bacterial, and staphylococcal load on ward handwash station surfaces, which could be touched during handwashing, is reported [10].
 

Chemical compound and disease context of Handwashing

 

Biological context of Handwashing

 

Anatomical context of Handwashing

  • Bacteriological samples were taken from the hands of the scrubbed team after surgical scrub but before putting on sterile gowns and gloves and from the patients' skin (incisional area of sternum and vein harvesting area of legs) after preoperative skin preparation with chlorhexidine gluconate [17].
 

Associations of Handwashing with chemical compounds

  • CONCLUSIONS: In this evaluation of hand hygiene agents, handwashing with soap and water, 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, or chlorine-containing towels reduced the amount of B atrophaeus spore contamination, whereas use of a waterless rub containing ethyl alcohol was not effective in removing spores [18].
  • The hand disinfectant was compared to agents in current use as surgical scrubs (4% chlorhexidine and 7.5% povidone-iodine) [19].
  • Comparison of the immediate, residual, and cumulative antibacterial effects of Novaderm R,* Novascrub R,* Betadine Surgical Scrub, Hibiclens, and liquid soap [20].
  • We evaluated the effects of an antimicrobial hand gel (containing 60% ethanol plus emollients) on skin condition when used as a supplement to handwashing [21].
  • BACKGROUND: Since the introduction in the 1970s of surgical hand scrub formulations that contain 4% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG), new surgical scrub formulations that have improved efficacy, persistence, or significantly improved use characteristics have not been forthcoming [22].
 

Gene context of Handwashing

  • Recommendations for surgical hand disinfection -- requirements, implementation and need for research. A proposal by representatives of the SFHH, DGHM and DGKH for a European discussion [23].
  • Handwashing practices and resistance and density of bacterial hand flora on two pediatric units in Lima, Peru [24].
  • The alcohol solution of NDP was highly germicidal in vivo, destroying microorganisms better than classic handwashing on the hands of 69 health care staff of our NICU and PICU [25].
  • Pre-surgical handwashing and disinfection procedures were identical in each case [26].
  • The effects of 'in-use' surgical handwashing on the pre- and postoperative fingertip flora during cardiothoracic and orthopaedic surgery [27].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Handwashing

  • The interview also addressed awareness of skin care issues involving the compatibility of moisturizers with latex gloves and handwashing agents that contain CHG [13].
  • In a cross-over design, each volunteer carried out a surgical hand disinfection with the reference alcohol [n-propanol 60%, (v/v)] or Sterillium Gel [ethanol 85% (v/v)] for 3 min [28].
  • The best methods to delay resistance include strict handwashing, careful control of antibacterials, restricting fluconazole use to those situations where it has been most clearly shown to be beneficial, and carefully monitoring patients in intensive care units [29].
  • A double-blinded, randomized clinical trial of hands of primary caretakers in 238 inner city households was conducted in which effects of plain or antimicrobial (containing 0.2% triclosan) handwashing soap on bacterial counts of the hands were compared before and after a single wash and before and after handwashing following a year of product use [30].

References

  1. Comparative efficacy of alternative hand-washing agents in reducing nosocomial infections in intensive care units. Doebbeling, B.N., Stanley, G.L., Sheetz, C.T., Pfaller, M.A., Houston, A.K., Annis, L., Li, N., Wenzel, R.P. N. Engl. J. Med. (1992) [Pubmed]
  2. Focus group data as a tool in assessing effectiveness of a hand hygiene campaign. Thomas, M., Gillespie, W., Krauss, J., Harrison, S., Medeiros, R., Hawkins, M., Maclean, R., Woeltje, K.F. American journal of infection control. (2005) [Pubmed]
  3. Microbial flora of hands of homemakers. Larson, E.L., Gomez-Duarte, C., Lee, L.V., Della-Latta, P., Kain, D.J., Keswick, B.H. American journal of infection control. (2003) [Pubmed]
  4. Dermatitis from Ammonyx LO, a constituent of a surgical scrub. Muston, H.L., Boss, J.M., Summerly, R. Contact Derm. (1977) [Pubmed]
  5. A laboratory model for testing agents for hygienic hand disinfection: handwashing and chlorhexidine for the removal of Klebsiella. Rotter, M.L., Koller, W. J. Hosp. Infect. (1990) [Pubmed]
  6. An outbreak og gastroenteritis due to E. coli 0142 in a neonatal nursery. Boyer, K.M., Petersen, N.J., Farzaneh, I., Pattison, C.P., Hart, M.C., Maynard, J.E. J. Pediatr. (1975) [Pubmed]
  7. Modeling transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among patients admitted to a hospital. Raboud, J., Saskin, R., Simor, A., Loeb, M., Green, K., Low, D.E., McGeer, A. Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. (2005) [Pubmed]
  8. A randomized trial that compared povidone iodine and chlorhexidine as antiseptics for vaginal hysterectomy. Culligan, P.J., Kubik, K., Murphy, M., Blackwell, L., Snyder, J. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. (2005) [Pubmed]
  9. The effect of hand hygiene on illness rate among students in university residence halls. White, C., Kolble, R., Carlson, R., Lipson, N., Dolan, M., Ali, Y., Cline, M. American journal of infection control. (2003) [Pubmed]
  10. Environmental surface cleanliness and the potential for contamination during handwashing. Griffith, C.J., Malik, R., Cooper, R.A., Looker, N., Michaels, B. American journal of infection control. (2003) [Pubmed]
  11. Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus by Betadine. Kaplan, J.C., Crawford, D.C., Durno, A.G., Schooley, R.T. Infection control : IC. (1987) [Pubmed]
  12. Septisol antiseptic foam: a sensible alternative to the conventional surgical scrub. Rubio, P.A. International surgery. (1987) [Pubmed]
  13. Washington State hospital survey 2000: gloves, handwashing agents, and moisturizers. Marino, C., Cohen, M. American journal of infection control. (2001) [Pubmed]
  14. An investigation of the factors that affect surgical hand disinfection with polyvidone iodine. Aksoy, A., Caglayan, F., Cakmak, M., Apan, T.Z., Gocmen, J.S., Cakmak, A., Somuncu, S., Akman, H. J. Hosp. Infect. (2005) [Pubmed]
  15. Usefulness of an alcohol solution of N-duopropenide for the surgical antisepsis of the hands compared with handwashing with iodine-povidone and chlorhexidine: clinical essay. Herruzo-Cabrera, R., Vizcaino-Alcaide, M.J., Fdez-Aciñero, M.J. J. Surg. Res. (2000) [Pubmed]
  16. Gas chromatographic determination of p-chloroaniline in a chlorhexidine digluconate-containing alcohol foam surgical scrub product. Gavlick, W.K., Davis, P.K. Journal of AOAC International. (1994) [Pubmed]
  17. Routes and sources of Staphylococcus aureus transmitted to the surgical wound during cardiothoracic surgery: possibility of preventing wound contamination by use of special scrub suits. Tammelin, A., Hambraeus, A., Ståhle, E. Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. (2001) [Pubmed]
  18. Efficacy of selected hand hygiene agents used to remove Bacillus atrophaeus (a surrogate of Bacillus anthracis) from contaminated hands. Weber, D.J., Sickbert-Bennett, E., Gergen, M.F., Rutala, W.A. JAMA (2003) [Pubmed]
  19. An in-use evaluation of an alcohol-based pre-surgical hand disinfectant. Bryce, E.A., Spence, D., Roberts, F.J. Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. (2001) [Pubmed]
  20. Comparison of the immediate, residual, and cumulative antibacterial effects of Novaderm R,* Novascrub R,* Betadine Surgical Scrub, Hibiclens, and liquid soap. Faoagali, J., Fong, J., George, N., Mahoney, P., O'Rourke, V. American journal of infection control. (1995) [Pubmed]
  21. Intermittent use of an antimicrobial hand gel for reducing soap-induced irritation of health care personnel. Newman, J.L., Seitz, J.C. American journal of infection control. (1990) [Pubmed]
  22. Development and evaluation of a new alcohol-based surgical hand scrub formulation with persistent antimicrobial characteristics and brushless application. Hobson, D.W., Woller, W., Anderson, L., Guthery, E. American journal of infection control. (1998) [Pubmed]
  23. Recommendations for surgical hand disinfection -- requirements, implementation and need for research. A proposal by representatives of the SFHH, DGHM and DGKH for a European discussion. Labadie, J.C., Kampf, G., Lejeune, B., Exner, M., Cottron, O., Girard, R., Orlick, M., Goetz, M.L., Darbord, J.C., Kramer, A. J. Hosp. Infect. (2002) [Pubmed]
  24. Handwashing practices and resistance and density of bacterial hand flora on two pediatric units in Lima, Peru. Larson, E.L., McGinley, K.J., Foglia, A., Leyden, J.J., Boland, N., Larson, J., Altobelli, L.C., Salazar-Lindo, E. American journal of infection control. (1992) [Pubmed]
  25. Clinical assay of N-duopropenide alcohol solution on hand application in newborn and pediatric intensive care units: control of an outbreak of multiresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a newborn intensive care unit with this measure. Herruzo-Cabrera, R., Garcia-Caballero, J., Martin-Moreno, J.M., Graciani-Perez-Regadera, M.A., Perez-Rodriguez, J. American journal of infection control. (2001) [Pubmed]
  26. Are surgical scrubbing and pre-operative disinfection of the skin in orthopaedic surgery reliable? Salvi, M., Chelo, C., Caputo, F., Conte, M., Fontana, C., Peddis, G., Velluti, C. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA. (2006) [Pubmed]
  27. The effects of 'in-use' surgical handwashing on the pre- and postoperative fingertip flora during cardiothoracic and orthopaedic surgery. Christensen, J.B., Andersen, B.M., Thomassen, S.M., Johansen, O., Lie, M. J. Hosp. Infect. (1995) [Pubmed]
  28. Suitability of Sterillium Gel for surgical hand disinfection. Kampf, G., Kapella, M. J. Hosp. Infect. (2003) [Pubmed]
  29. Prevention of systemic mycoses in patients who are not neutropenic: should we do it? Can we do it? Graybill, J.R. The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases. (2000) [Pubmed]
  30. Short- and long-term effects of handwashing with antimicrobial or plain soap in the community. Larson, E., Aiello, A., Lee, L.V., Della-Latta, P., Gomez-Duarte, C., Lin, S. Journal of community health. (2003) [Pubmed]
 
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