Disease relevance of pHisoHex

• Environmental causes of birth defects: the hexachlorophene issue [1].
• Toxicity of hexachlorophene [2].
• Use of 3 percent hexachlorophene baths to control patient colonization by oxacillin and aminoglycoside-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [3].
• This technique measures tissue distribution to the radioisotope, 14C-iodoantipyrine, and was used to compare NBF in sciatic nerves of rats with increased EFP induced by feeding them hexachlorophene (HCP), a neurotoxin which causes edema exclusively to the nervous system and confined to the myelin sheath [4].
• An ultrastructural and biochemical study of hexachlorophane-induced fatty liver in sheep [5].

Psychiatry related information on pHisoHex

• Two weeks after daily topical application of hexachlorophene, a 4-week-old female kitten developed cardiovascular collapse, corneal ulcers, trembling, lethargy, and weakness [6].

High impact information on pHisoHex

• The outbreak terminated after the implementation of two major control measures: (1) replacement of hexachlorophene solution with an iodophor solution for preparing patients and cleaning instruments before disinfection, and (2) weekly gas sterilization of cystoscopy instruments [7].
• The triclosan-resistant ecFabI(G93V) protein was also refractory to hexachlorophene inhibition, illustrating that both drugs bind at the FabI active site [8].
• In addition, hexachlorophene represses the expression of cyclin D1, which is a known beta-catenin target gene, and inhibits the growth of colon cancer cells [9].
• In vitro inhibition of Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis growth by bithionol, dichlorophene, and hexachlorophene [10].
• Bithionol, dichlorophene, and hexachlorophene, which are used in treating some helminthic infections, killed trophozoites of Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis in modified BI-S-33 and Asami media, respectively [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of pHisoHex

• To assess neurotoxic effects of hexachlorophene in the human population previously shown to be most at risk, a blind clinicopathological analysis was made of all premature infants under 1,400 gm birth weight who survived at least four days and were examined by autopsy over a 7.5-year period [11].
• Comparison of the effects of two lipophilic acids, hexachlorophene and decanoate, on Bacillus subtilis [12].
• Enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI) of Haemophilus influenzae: steady-state kinetic mechanism and inhibition by triclosan and hexachlorophene [13].
• Comparative activity of benzoyl peroxide and hexachlorophene. In vivo studies against propionibacterium acnes in humans [14].
• Effectiveness of topical chlorhexidine powder as an alternative to hexachlorophane for the control of Staphylococcus aureus in neonates [15].

Biological context of pHisoHex

• Surveys of fecal coliforms on the hands of nursery personnel revealed no change in prevalence after introduction of a policy of "triple" handwashing with 3 percent hexachlorophene soap, but a significant decrease occurred during the use of disposable gloves [16].
• Clinical pharmacology of hexachlorophene in newborn infants [17].
• Percutaneous absorption of hexachlorophene in the rat [18].
• INTERVENTIONS: Infection control strategies included surveillance cultures of infants, cohorting infected or colonized infants, contact precautions, universal glove use, mupirocin treatment of the anterior nares of all infants in the NICU, and a hexachlorophene bath for infants weighing 1,500 g or more [19].
• Steady-state inhibition patterns did not allow the mode of inhibition to be unambiguously determined, but binding kinetics suggested that free enzyme, E-NAD(+), and E-crotonyl-CoA have similar affinity for hexachlorophene, since the k(obs)s were in the same range of 20-24 s(-1) [13].

Anatomical context of pHisoHex

• Brain carbonic anhydrase: activity in isolated myelin and the effect of hexachlorophene [20].
• The prevalence of the vacuolar encephalopathy in premature infants on whom we have adequate brain stem histological information appears to be related to the number of exposures to hexachlorophene, the concentration of hexachlorophene, the thoroughness of rinsing, and other factors (including exposure to ultraviolet light) [11].
• The neurons of the ganglion cell layer of the retina also become affected, probably secondary to optic nerve lesions present in hexachlorophene intoxication [21].
• The primary effect of hexachlorophene on rat retina is disruption of the disc membranes of photoreceptor outer segments and irreversible destruction of their cell bodies [21].
• Hexachlorophene and the central nervous system. Toxic effects in mice and baboons [22].

Associations of pHisoHex with other chemical compounds

• The stock solutions of 4% chlorhexidine gluconate-alcohol (Hibiclens), 1% p-chloro-m-xylenol (Acute-Kare), and 3% hexachlorophene (Phisohex) produced 2-log reductions of MRSA after a 15-s exposure, but even after 240 s, these solutions failed to kill all the MRSA [23].
• Increase in cerebral fluids in rats after treatment with hexachlorophane or triethyltin [24].
• The results demonstrate a new aspect of hexachlorophene neurotoxicity, degeneration of peripheral adrenergic nerve terminals and suggest that neurotoxic actions on thin unmyelinated fiber systems should be looked for also in the central nervous system (CNS) [25].
• Practical technique for adequate cleansing of endoscopes: a bacteriological study of pHisoHex and Betadine [26].
• Deficiencies were noted in several areas of care: failing to give or improperly giving vitamin K1 prophylaxis (in 7 of the units), flushing the eyes after silver nitrate prophylaxis (in 10), using hexachlorophene to bathe newborns (in 11) and delaying the first feeding up to 12 hours (in 3) [27].

Gene context of pHisoHex

• Surprisingly, the compact myelin was formed, however, the myelin from MOBP-deficient mice exposed to hexachlorophene, a known dysmyelinating agent, showed widening of the major dense lines [28].
• Randomized trial of a hexachlorophene preparation and P-300 bacteriostatic soaps [29].
• Myelin-associated glycoprotein localized immunocytochemically in periaxonal regions of oligodendroglia during hexachlorophene intoxication [30].
• Catalytic potential of field mouse Mus booduga brain acetylcholinesterase during repeated hexachlorophene treatment [31].
• The observed order of protective effectiveness was HCP greater than 3,4-TCP greater than 4,6-TCP greater than DCP approximately equal to TCS greater than TBS [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of pHisoHex

• We describe a micromethod for measuring hexachlorophene by use of gas-liquid chromatography with a 63Ni electron capture detector [33].
• Twenty-six patients undergoing chemotherapy for acute leukemia on a protected environment-prophylactic antibiotic program were randomly assigned to bathe with either P-300 or a 3% hexachlorophene preparation [29].
• No significant difference was found between the two groups using only hexachlorophene when compared for differences between patient-collected and nurse-collected specimens; nevertheless, the patient-collected specimens had greater proportions of low bacterial counts than those collected by the nurses [34].
• Seven different surgical hand-scrub agents (one triclosan compound, two hexachlorophene compounds, and four iodophors) were evaluated under in-use conditions by five persons for efficacy in degerming the hands and forearms prior to performing a total of 215 total hip arthroplasties [35].
• Hexachlorophene preparations in infant antiseptic skin care: benefits, risks, and the future [36].

References