Disease relevance of Nitrergic Neurons

• Changes in the number of nitrergic neurons following kainic acid administration and repeated long-term hypoxia [1].

High impact information on Nitrergic Neurons

• Pharmacological studies of nitrergic gastric function were performed in controls, in patients with presumed PD, and in patients with UD using sumatriptan, an activator of nitrergic neurons, and amylnitrite, a nitric oxide donor [2].
• Here, we show that perivascular nitrergic nerves around the cerebral arteries degenerate in two phases in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [3].
• In particular, we have identified three brainstem populations of nitrergic neurons, which suggests that nitric oxide may co-localise with 5-HT, NA and GABA [4].
• These observations suggest that 6-nitronorepinephrine generated in nuclei containing both adrenergic and nitrergic neurons inhibits NE inactivation [5].
• These observations raise the possibility that periventricular nitrergic neurons play an essential role in registering the composition of the CSF and in modulating subcortical cerebral blood flow [6].

Biological context of Nitrergic Neurons

• Phosphodiesterase 5 terminates the cellular actions of the second messenger molecule cyclic GMP; inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 5 will therefore increase and prolong the actions of endogenous substances that signal via the cyclic GMP pathway, including nitric oxide released as a neurotransmitter from nitrergic nerves [7].
• Modulation by acetylcholine, VIP, clonidine, omega-conotoxin and Mg2+ of the relaxant response to electrical and chemical stimulation of nitroxidergic nerves, in which nitric oxide (NO) acts as a neurotransmitter, was investigated in isolated canine cerebral arteries [8].

Anatomical context of Nitrergic Neurons

• Here we demonstrate that nitric oxide synthase-containing (nitrergic) neurons innervating the penis and gastric pylorus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats undergo a selective degenerative process in two phases [9].
• 8. The present study has suggested a presynaptic inhibitory action for nitric oxide (probably derived from identified perivascular nitrergic nerves), on perivascular sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve mediated responses of the rabbit renal artery [10].
• The results suggest that hydroxocobalamin and haemoglobin can differentiate between exogenous and neuronally released NO, and that the transmitter released from nitrergic nerves in the rat gastric fundus is not free NO or the nitrosothiols, S-nitrosocysteine and S-nitrosoglutathione [11].
• This indicates that tachykinins released from sensory neurons also stimulate nitrergic neurons and thus lead, via NO release, to inhibition of acetylcholine release [12].
• We conclude that, in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, NK1 receptor is synthesized by a population of vagal motor neurons which are in close anatomical proximity to, but separate from, nitrergic neurons [13].

Associations of Nitrergic Neurons with chemical compounds

• PURPOSE: To determine the involvement of noradrenergic and other vasoconstrictor nerves in the contraction of ocular arteries and the modification by cholinergic and nitroxidergic nerves of vasoconstrictor nerve function [14].
• Modulation of acetylcholine-induced contractions of the rat anococcygeus muscle by activation of nitrergic nerves [15].
• Taken together, these data suggest that enteric nitrergic neurons have the enzymatic apparatus and functional capability of recycling citrulline to arginine [16].
• It may be concluded that nicotine stimulates the adrenergic and nitroxidergic nerves innervating the temporal arterial wall, resulting in a contraction and a rapidly developing relaxation, respectively; the latter is mediated by cyclic GMP [17].
• NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester did not affect this relaxation, suggesting that nitrergic nerves are not involved [18].

Gene context of Nitrergic Neurons

• In the MP, beta1- and beta2-AR immunoreactivity was localized to several neuronal populations, including calretinin and nitrergic neurons [19].
• Distribution of the NPY receptor subtype Y1 within human colon: evidence for NPY targeting a subpopulation of nitrergic neurons [20].
• Heme oxygenase immunoreactive neurons in the rat intestine and their relationship to nitrergic neurons [21].
• The vasorelaxant effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in isolated rat basilar arteries is partially mediated by activation of nitrergic neurons [22].
• To understand better the effect of the time of exposure, we monitored the effect of aluminium administration on nitroxidergic neurons, identified by NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) or by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) staining, after 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 months of aluminium administration [23].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Nitrergic Neurons

• In the present study, the ontogenesis of nitrergic neurons has been studied in the urodele amphibian Pleurodeles waltl by means of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPHd) histochemistry and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunohistochemistry [24].

References