Disease relevance of Gender Identity

• Thus, moderate androgen excess early in development appears to produce a small increase in the risk of atypical gender identity, but this risk cannot be predicted from genital virilization [1].
• All subjects with PAIS maintained at postpubertal age the gender identity and social sex that was assigned to them in infancy, in contrast to other forms of pseudohermaphroditism [2].
• METHOD: Men (64 heterosexual and 58 homosexual) completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), the Masculinity and Femininity scales of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI), the Bulimia Test-Revised (BULIT-R), the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), and the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) [3].
• Iatrogenic homosexuality: gender identity in seven 46,XX chromosomal females with hyperadrenocortical hermaphroditism born with a penis, three reared as boys, four reared as girls [4].
• The purpose of the presented study is to examine 37 persons with different forms of intersexuality (disturbances of androgen biosynthesis, partial and complete androgen insensitivity, gonadal dysgenesis with 46,XY and congenital adrenal hyperplasia with 46,XX) with regard to gender identity and gender role behaviour in childhood [5].

Psychiatry related information on Gender Identity

• METHODS: 77 participants were recruited from an undergraduate psychology subject pool (n=47) or from gay, lesbian and transgender student organizations (n=30) and assessed on measures of gender role, homosexuality, and psychopathology [6].
• Psychosexual development, including gender identity, in genetic and hormonal male neonates seems to be influenced heavily by prenatal androgen exposure [7].
• It was suggested that homosexuality may be appropriately conceived of as an alternate life style rather than a noslogical entity, and that gender-role may, in some instances, be more important than biological sex as regards one's self perceived personality characteristics [8].
• Participants completed a questionnaire packet containing a demographic inquiry and three psychological measures-the NEO Personality Inventory, the Assessment of Attitudes Towards Lesbians and Gay Men, and the Bem Sex Role Inventory [9].
• (2) This paper places emphasis on the process of individuation and gender-identity that takes place very early in childhood as the cause of homosexuality [10].

High impact information on Gender Identity

• They have plasma testosterone levels in the high normal range, show an excellent response to testosterone and are unique models for evaluating the effect of testosterone, as compared with a female upbringing, in determining gender identity [11].
• It has been proposed that gender identity and sexual orientation are influenced by the prenatal sex steroid milieu [12].
• The women with anomalous dominance (consisting of left-handed and ambidextrous as well as right-handed women with first-degree non-right-handed relatives) were compared to women with standard dominance (right-handed women with all right-handed first-degree relatives) on the Bem Test of Sex Role Identity and a tomboy scale [13].
• Gender role development in two clinical syndromes: Turner syndrome versus constitutional short stature [14].
• Since the virilization was too developed to change the sex role, the patient remained as a male subject without cortisol replacement therapy and underwent a plastic operation to construct the penile urethra [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Gender Identity

• Thus, while androgen action plays a role in the process, additional undefined psychological, social, and/or biologic factors must be determinants of gender identity/role behavior [16].
• Plasma steroid hormones in relation to behavioral sex role reversal in the spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularia [17].
• Furthermore, the rare men with mutations that impair estrogen synthesis or the estrogen receptor have male gender role behavior [18].
• Data were collected before and after training and again one month after the end of the training using the Rotter's Internal versus External Control of Reinforcement Scale, Sex Role Inventory, Assertive Scale, Esteem Scale, and Interpersonal Communication Satisfaction Inventory [19].
• The Chinese Gender Role Stress scales. Factor structure and predictive validity [20].

Biological context of Gender Identity

• Studies of genetic males with single gene mutations that impair testosterone formation or action and consequently prevent development of the normal male phenotype provide unique insight into the control of gender role behavior [18].
• Independent CPI masculinity and femininity scales: psychological correlates and a sex-role typology [21].
• The control group were 21 adolescent males referred to the child psychiatry department of the same hospital for reasons other than gender identity disorder, homosexuality, or transvestism [22].

Anatomical context of Gender Identity

• This project was an attempt to test Dörner's theory that aspects of gender identity and sexual behavior depend on a defect in a normal imprinting mechanism of testicular testosterone (T) on the male hypothalamus [23].

Gene context of Gender Identity

• These findings indicate that androgens are important determinants of gender role behavior (and probably of gender identity) and that this action is mediated by the androgen receptor and not the result of conversion of androgen to estrogen [18].
• The fact that all genetic males with 17 beta-HSD3 or 5 alpha-R2 deficiency do not change gender role behavior indicates that other factors are also important determinants of this process [18].
• The versatility of this sex test was further demonstrated by co-amplifying with the HLA-DQA1 Amplitype kit in a combined gender/identity DNA test [24].
• Levels of T, but not SHBG, related linearly to gender role behavior in preschool girls [25].
• As neuronal production of somatostatin is involved the idea is striking whether somatostatin-receptor density in the cortex of cerebral hemispheres might be related to gender identity [26].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Gender Identity

• Changes in anthropometry with testosterone therapy in a female with gender identity disorder [27].
• It is argued that both social-learning research findings and results from retrospective studies suggest that homosexuality may best be linked to the early qualitative learning and development of one's gender identity and gender role [28].

References