Disease relevance of Trypanosomiasis

• Suramin is a drug used in the therapy of Rhodesian trypanosomiasis and onchocerciasis, and it is known to inhibit the reverse transcriptase of a number of retroviruses [1].
• Suramin, a drug used in the treatment of trypanosomiasis and onchocerciasis, has previously been reported to inhibit the interaction of platelet-derived growth factor with its cell surface receptor [2].
• Suramin, a polyanionic drug used in the treatment of Rhodesian and Gambian trypanosomiasis and more recently in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome, is a potent inhibitor of the constitutive mammalian DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma and the lymphoid-specific polymerase terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase [3].
• Trypanothione replaces glutathione in defence against cellular damage caused by oxidants, xenobiotics and methylglyoxal in the trypanosomatid parasites, which cause trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis [4].
• BACKGROUND: Melarsoprol remains the first-choice drug for trypanosomiasis (human African sleeping sickness) [5].

High impact information on Trypanosomiasis

• Inhibition of glutathione synthesis as a chemotherapeutic strategy for trypanosomiasis [6].
• Topical melarsoprol for trypanosomiasis [7].
• In a prospective randomised trial, 620 patients who had Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis with central nervous system involvement were treated either with prednisolone plus melarsoprol or with melarsoprol only [8].
• Salicylhydroxamic-acid/glycerol in experimental trypanosomiasis [9].
• Free fatty acids, lysophosphatidylcholine, and pathogenesis of trypanosomiasis [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Trypanosomiasis

• Five patients are described with Gambian trypanosomiasis treated in Belgium with difluoromethylornithine, using various intravenous and oral dosage schedules [11].
• Para-substituted aromatic diamidines such as furamidine, which is currently being tested against trypanosomiasis in humans, and berenil, which is used in animals, are typical examples of this class [12].
• Cationic compounds used in the treatment of veterinary African trypanosomiasis have structural properties similar to those of pentamidine, which has been used in the therapy of human trypanosomiasis and infection with Pneumocystis carinii [13].
• Field evaluation of the prophylactic effect of an isometamidium sustained-release device against trypanosomiasis in cattle [14].
• Given the role of trypanothione in the redox defenses of pathogenic trypanosomal and leishmanial parasites, in contrast to glutathione for their mammalian hosts, selective inhibitors of trypanothione reductase are potential drug leads against trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis [15].

Biological context of Trypanosomiasis

• Cows were individually treated with diminazene aceturate, either when they were detected parasitaemic and their packed red cell volume (PCV) decreased below 26%, or when they showed clinical signs of trypanosomiasis [16].
• Assessment of central nervous system involvement in gambiense trypanosomiasis: value of the cerebro-spinal white cell count [17].
• The results emphasise not only the importance of environmental and demographic data in elucidating the epidemiology of human trypanosomiasis but also the need for further investigations in peri-urban areas [18].

Anatomical context of Trypanosomiasis

• The results, especially the lack of response to clonidine, indicate that trypanosomiasis impairs GnRH release from the hypothalamus [19].
• These results suggest that mast cells, the main storage site of peripheral histamine, can play a role in the inflammatory and/or immunologic components of experimental trypanosomiasis [20].

Gene context of Trypanosomiasis

• Mapping in the AILs also resolved the Tir3 locus into three trypanosomiasis resistance QTLs, revealing a degree of complexity not evident in extensive studies at the F(2) level [21].
• These results are important for future cytokine and trypanosomiasis pathology studies, because the interplay between TNF and the soluble receptors it sheds has not been considered in either human clinical sleeping sickness studies or in veterinary trypanosomiasis research [22].
• Drug-induced modulation of IL-2 production in experimental murine trypanosomiasis [23].
• Thus, we propose a role for OpdB in peptide hormone dysregulation in trypanosomiasis, specifically in generating the depressed plasma levels of ANF in mammals infected with T. evansi [24].
• Molecular identity and location of invariant antigens on Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense defined with monoclonal antibodies reactive with sera from trypanosomiasis patients [25].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Trypanosomiasis

• We tested the effects of these compounds on the growth of bloodstream forms of T. b. brucei in cell culture and in a murine trypanosomiasis model, and investigated their ability to inhibit trypanopain-Tb, the major cysteine proteinase of T. b. brucei [26].
• Novel combination chemotherapy of experimental trypanosomiasis by using bleomycin and DL-alpha-difluoromethylornithine; reversal by polyamines [27].
• Suramin, a polysulfonated naphthylamine, has been used for the chemotherapy of trypanosomiasis and onchocerciasis since about the 1920s [28].
• A 7 d course of intravenous eflornithine is an adequate treatment for cases of Gambian trypanosomiasis relapsing after treatment with another drug [29].
• Sera of vervet monkeys experimentally infected with T. b. rhodesiense were examined using a double antibody sandwich ELISA and Procyclic Agglutination Trypanosomiasis Test (PATT) for the presence of circulating trypanosomal antigens and anti-procyclic surface antibodies, respectively [30].

References