Disease relevance of Elephantiasis, Filarial

• This study was performed to evaluate the role of diethylcarbamazine (DEC), the drug of choice for treating Lymphatic Filariasis and Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia, on respiratory mechanics of higid rats [1].
• Over 90% of O. volvulus recombinants from a primary screen were found to cross-react with lymphatic filariasis sera and were discarded [2].
• Inc. for onchocerciasis control in 1987 'as long as needed' was a public health landmark to be followed by a donation from GlaxoSmithKline of albendazole in 1997 for lymphatic filariasis to which Merck also responded by agreeing to extend their donation to include the coadministration of Mectizan and albendazole [3].
• The Pacific Programme for the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (PacELF) - the first regional campaign to attempt to eliminate filariasis as a public-health problem - is using five, annual, mass drug administrations (MDA) of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) plus albendazole to stop transmission [4].
• Economic analysis of the revised strategy to control lymphatic filariasis with mass annual single dose diethylcarbamazine (DEC) at 6 mg/kg body weight launched in one of the districts of Tamil Nadu in 1996 was carried out [5].

High impact information on Elephantiasis, Filarial

• A controlled trial of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine in lymphatic filariasis [6].
• These results suggest that the scid mouse model of lymphatic filariasis may be important in investigation of the interaction of the murine, and possibly the human, immune system with the lymphatic filarial parasite [7].
• We aimed to assess the potential for school-based control of lymphatic filariasis by investigating the efficacy and tolerability or combined ivermectin and albendazole in Haitian schoolchildren [8].
• Transmission-blocking antibodies recognize microfilarial chitinase in brugian lymphatic filariasis [9].
• Patent lymphatic filariasis is characterized by profound Ag-specific T cell hyporesponsiveness with impaired IFN-gamma and IL-2 production [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Elephantiasis, Filarial

• Circulating parasite antigen(s) in lymphatic filariasis: use of monoclonal antibodies to phosphocholine for immunodiagnosis [11].
• The Wellcome Trust Lecture. Infection and disease in lymphatic filariasis: an immunological perspective [12].
• This fact combined with the lack of an iodized salt supply and endemic lymphatic filariasis makes community distribution of diethylcarbamazine-fortified, iodized salt an attractive strategy for elimination of lymphatic filariasis and iodine deficiency disorders in this area of Haiti [13].
• We conducted an entomological study to document the effect of irrigation on the vectors and transmission dynamics of lymphatic filariasis in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Mosquitoes were collected by indoor spraying of houses in a cluster of communities located around irrigation projects (Tono and Vea) and others without reservoirs (Azoka) [14].
• Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) was discovered in 1947 as a potent therapeutic agent in lymphatic filariasis and has been a mainstay of antifilarial therapy over the past five decades (R. I. Hewitt, et al., 1947, Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 32, 1304-1313) [15].

Biological context of Elephantiasis, Filarial

• Selective up-regulation of endothelial cell class I MHC expression by cytokines from patients with lymphatic filariasis [16].
• With the implementation of programs to control lymphatic filariasis and soil-transmitted helminths using broad spectrum anthelmintics, including albendazole and ivermectin, there is a need to develop an in vitro assay for detection of drug resistance [17].
• In humans with lymphatic filariasis microfilaremia is associated with a parasite antigen-specific hyporesponsiveness when assessed by cell proliferation and secretion of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma [18].
• Repeated, single, oral doses of combinations of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine (DEC) or albendazole are recognized as important tools for parasite control in lymphatic filariasis [19].

Anatomical context of Elephantiasis, Filarial

• We conclude that the augmentation of baseline NK cell activity, as well as interferon- and interleukin-2-enhanced NK cell activity seen in the patients, is not a direct effect of DEC, but is related to the reaction to DEC in lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis [20].

Gene context of Elephantiasis, Filarial

• Diminished expression and function of TLR in lymphatic filariasis: a novel mechanism of immune dysregulation [21].
• These findings suggest that the presence of antigenemia, which is an indicator of current active infection, is closely associated with the frequency of IFN-gamma- and IL-4-producing cells in lymphatic filariasis [22].
• Regulation of parasite antigen-driven immune responses by interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-12 in lymphatic filariasis [23].
• In 20 individuals with lymphatic filariasis, frequency analysis of PBMC secreting IL-4 and IFN-gamma indicated that the F0 of PAg-specific IL-4-secreting cells (geometric mean F0 (GM): 1/12,100) was 57-fold higher than the corresponding F0 of NPAg-reactive cells (GM: 1/692,000; p < 0.02) [24].
• In Brugia malayi, the gene for asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase (AsnRS), a class II AARS, previously has been identified as a multicopy gene encoding an immunodominant antigen in the serum of humans with lymphatic filariasis [25].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Elephantiasis, Filarial

• Low levels of C3 were detected in chronic lymphatic filariasis cases by single radial immunodiffusion method, suggesting the utilization of complement by immune complexes [26].
• Apply recombinant chitinase fusion protein antigen, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays examined anti-filarial antibodies and evaluated of useful value in serological diagnosis and surveillance of lymphatic filariasis [27].

References