Disease relevance of Brominal

• The predicted amino acid sequence of the nitrilase gene showed similarity to that of the bromoxynil nitrilase from Klebsiella ozaenae [1].
• The amino acid sequence homology between the Rhodococcus nitrilase and the Klebsiella ozaenae bromoxynil nitrilase [Stalker et al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 6310-6314] was 38.3%, and a unique cysteinyl residue (Cys-170) in the former nitrilase was conserved at the corresponding position in the latter nitrilase [2].
• A gene, designated bxn, encoding the bromoxynil-specific nitrilase was constitutively expressed in K. ozaenae and E. coli and subcloned on a 2.6-kilobase PstI DNA segment [3].
• In addition to its utility for decontaminating PCP-polluted sites, the Flavobacterium sp. may be useful for decontaminating bromoxynil spills [4].
• To our knowledge, this is the first direct report of deiodination by a bacterium in the Desulfitobacterium genus and the first report of an anaerobic pure culture with the ability to transform bromoxynil or ioxynil [5].

High impact information on Brominal

• A Klebsiella ozaenae nitrilase which converts the herbicide bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) to 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid has been expressed at 5-10% of the total protein in Escherichia coli from a cloned K. ozaenae DNA segment and purified 10.3-fold to homogeneity [6].
• Purification and properties of a nitrilase specific for the herbicide bromoxynil and corresponding nucleotide sequence analysis of the bxn gene [6].
• Nucleotide sequence analysis of a 1,212-base pair PstI-HincII DNA segment containing the locus (bxn) encoding the bromoxynil-specific nitrilase reveals a single open reading frame encoding a polypeptide 349 amino acids in length [6].
• The isoprene protection effect was directly demonstrated by fumigation of young (non-emitting) leaves, treated with RB or bromoxynil (simulating photoinhibition) [7].
• Doubling times for growth (means +/- standard deviations for triplicate cultures) on bromoxynil (18.4 +/- 5.2 h) and DBHB (11.9 +/- 1.4 h), determined by rate of [14C]lactate uptake into biomass, were similar to those previously reported for this microorganism during growth on pyruvate (15.4 h) [5].

Chemical compound and disease context of Brominal

• Biodegradation of the herbicide bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) by purified pentachlorophenol hydroxylase and whole cells of Flavobacterium sp. strain ATCC 39723 is accompanied by cyanogenesis [4].

Biological context of Brominal

• Irreversible loss of the ability to metabolize bromoxynil both in E. coli and K. ozaenae was associated with the conversion of the 82-kilobase plasmid to a 68-kilobase species [3].
• Biotransformation of 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile under denitrifying, Fe(III)-reducing, sulfidogenic, and methanogenic conditions [8].
• In conclusion, further research is needed to investigate whether adiposity is an important modifying factor for persistence of bromoxynil in the body [9].
• To investigate whether such developmental alterations were specific to RA, or were a more general response to xenobiotic exposure, CD-1 pregnant mice were exposed to RA, valproic acid (VA), or bromoxynil (Br) during organogenesis [10].
• Tractors, equipped with cabs, were used in nine spray operations.Air sampling, hand washes, and dermal patch dosimeters served as the basis to calculate the amount of bromoxynil (p.e.) available for inhalation, deposition on the hands, and deposition under a standardized set of protective clothing [11].

Anatomical context of Brominal

• Bromoxynil induced significant increases in the incidence of SNR in fetuses of both species [12].

Associations of Brominal with other chemical compounds

• Semi-permeable surface analytical reversed-phase column for the improved trace analysis of acidic pesticides in water with coupled-column reversed-phase liquid chromatography with UV detection. Determination of bromoxynil and bentazone in surface water [13].
• The half-life of degradation was estimated to be 7 days for bromoxynil and 9-10 days for ioxynil [14].
• This study evaluated the influence of pH on the sorption of diuron, bromoxynil, and ametryne by a soil in the presence and absence of a wheat residue-derived char [15].
• Use of gauntlet-style neoprene protective gloves decreased dermal exposure to the hands region of the body by 25 times, whereas two layers of laundered cotton provided a protective effect of > 15 in the chest region.The median value for the amount of bromoxynil (p.e.) inhaled was 0.018 microg x kg BW(-1)x kg (p.e.)(-1) for the 14 spray operations [11].
• The most abundant weeds were Fumaria densiflora DC., Veronica cymbalaria Bodard, Vaccaria pyramidata Medik, and Papaver rhoeas L.. The herbicides applied at the end-tillering stage of wheat were bromoxynil + diclofop-methyl, flamprop-isopropyl + MCPA, 2,4-D ester, diclofop-methyl and tribenuron-methyl [16].

Gene context of Brominal

• From an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA expression library, a cDNA clone was isolated, characterized and sequenced which, at the amino acid level, resembled the Klebsiella ozaenae bromoxynil nitrilase encoded by the bxn gene [17].
• For development of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the nitrile herbicide bromoxynil, the polyclonal antibodies raised against 2,6-dibromo-4-cyano-phenoxyacetic acid (hapten) conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) by the N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated ester method [18].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Brominal

• The hands region of the body was the area most exposed to bromoxynil (p.e.), the median value of dermal deposition to the hands being 808 microg (p.e.) compared to 1,600 microg (p.e.) for the whole body, when protective gloves were not worn [11].
• Body mass index and bromoxynil exposure in a sample of rural residents during spring herbicide application [9].
• Development of an ELISA for the detection of bromoxynil in water [18].
• Biological conversion of the herbicide bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) was studied in a batch culture of Pseudomonas putida by using HPLC [19].

References