Disease relevance of Methoxone

• Distribution of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in male rats: evidence for the involvement of the central nervous system in their toxicity [1].
• Five healthy volunteers were given 15 micrograms MCPA per kg body weight [2].
• The effects of the pesticides, amitrol, a derivative of amitrol (viz. 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole), diquat, paraquat, linuron, MCPA, malathion, and monuron, were studied on the nitrogen-fixing algae, Anabaena cylindrica, Aulosira sp., Calothrix elenkenii [3].
• The effect of three herbicides namely Agroxone, Atranex 50SC and 2,4-Damine on Azotobacter vinelandii, Rhizobium phaseoli and Bacillus subtilis were studied [4].

High impact information on Methoxone

• The most commonly used phenoxy acid in Sweden was (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid (CAS: 94-74-6) [5].
• There were no apparent effects of the disease on the kinetics of tolmetin or MCPA [6].
• We prepared nine analogues (1-9) of MCPA-D-Phe-Phe-Ile-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2, [MCPA1, D-Phe2, Phe3, Ile4, Arg8]oxytocin (MCPA = beta-mercapto-beta,beta-pentamethylenepropionic acid), a potent antagonist of the rat uterotonic action of oxytocin (OT) [7].
• Phenoxy acid herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) have been found to induce proliferation of peroxisomes in the liver cells of rodents in the same manner as the hypolipidemic drug clofibrate [8].
• Degradation of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid in top- and subsoil is quantitatively linked to the class III tfdA gene [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Methoxone

• This paper presents the toxicity data of seven pesticides including atrazine, parathion, dichlorvos, malathion, fenthion, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, and pentachlorophenol on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata based on a new algal toxicity testing technique conducted under air-tight environment [10].

Biological context of Methoxone

• The phenoxyherbicide and peroxisome proliferator 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) was tested for its ability to induce sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) in chick embryos [11].
• Determination of pesticides by derivative formation. Part IV A Sensitive gas-chromatographic method for the determination of MCPA and MCPB herbicides after esterification with 1-bromomethyl-2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzene [12].
• The comparative toxicology of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid and its plant metabolite 4-chloro-2-carboxyphenoxyacetic acid in rats [13].
• Following i.p. administration of various doses of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), ca. 50% is excreted during a 5-h diuresis experiment [14].
• These results indicate that (a) the herbicide MCPA should have no effect on drug-metabolizing enzymes from carp, and (b) the hepatic and renal monoxygenase activities of carp are responsive to beta-NF, allowing their use in monitoring water pollution [15].

Anatomical context of Methoxone

• Blood-brain barrier damage by 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide in rats [16].
• Teratological evaluation of the phenoxyacid herbicide MCPA in the regenerating forelimb of the adult newt [17].
• Moreover we present some significative results obtained by the use of cultured cell lines to test the herbicide MCPA [18].
• At toxic doses in rats, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) caused injuries in blood vessels in the brain [19].
• The induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was studied in the peripheral lymphocytes of workers spraying foliage in forestry with phenoxy acid herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) or their mixtures [20].

Associations of Methoxone with other chemical compounds

• Most of the spring and durum wheat produced in the United States is grown in Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota, with more than 85% of the acreage treated with chlorophenoxy herbicides such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) [21].
• In contrast to MCPA, metribuzin mineralization followed zero-order kinetics, and very little metribuzin was mineralized (<1%) in all three of the investigated soil horizons [22].
• In the test on mouse hepatocytes, 4 more hydrazine derivatives, i.e., 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, hydrazine hydrate, hydrazine sulfate and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid hydrazide.HCl also generated positive responses, in addition to the 6 positive compounds in the rat assay [23].
• Comparative study of the effects of MCPA, butylate, atrazine, and cyanazine on Selenastrum capricornutum [24].
• In acute tests, tadpoles were exposed to relatively high concentrations of azoxystrobin, cyanazine, esfenvalerate, MCPA ([4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy] acetic acid), permethrin, and pirimicarb for 72 h [25].

Gene context of Methoxone

• The transcription regulator Pdr1p is a determinant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae resistance to 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) [26].
• MCPA (0.01 and 0.1 microM) stimulated the production of TNF-alpha [27].
• Changes in catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase activities in the liver of newts exposed to 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) [28].
• 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid at 0.1 mM had no effect on PAH transport [29].
• Adsorbed vs. intercalated MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid) in highly hydrated clays taken as a soil model were clearly distinguished by 1H HR MAS NMR; adsorbed herbicide gave sharp signals indicating high mobility while intercalated herbicide gave very wide unresolved spectra due to its strong interaction with the solid matrix [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Methoxone

• No changes were found in conjugation activities after treatment with MCPA or beta-NF [15].
• The animals were exposed percutaneously to 0, 200, 400, or 800 ppm of MCPA for 4 days a week throughout the regeneration period and were sacrificed 11 weeks after amputation [17].
• In competition ELISA, the bacterial scAb showed the same specificity for mecoprop and a related herbicide, MCPA, as the Mab but an increase in sensitivity for free antigen in all ELISA formats [31].
• In the platelet-rich plasma prepared from rabbits 2.5 h after subcutaneous injection of 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (100-150 mg/kg), platelet aggregation by ADP was inhibited 20-30%, compared to plasma taken from the rabbits before the chlorophenoxyacid treatment [32].
• The biodegradation of selected priority acidic pesticides MCPP, MCPA, 2,4-D, 2,4-DP and bentazone and the acidic pharmaceutical diclofenac was investigated using a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and a fixed-bed bioreactor (FBBR) [33].

References