Disease relevance of Adiposity

• These data suggest that, like other populations at high risk for NIDDM such as Pima Indians and Micronesians, Mexican Americans have more hyperinsulinemia than can be accounted for by their adiposity [1].
• While the impact of epidemic obesity on the health of white Americans is becoming more fully understood, there are important gaps in the knowledge about the nature of influence of adiposity on CHD in large subgroups of the population [2].
• Both central and upper-body adiposity are associated with high rates of type II non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), high triglyceride levels, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels [3].
• CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: This study demonstrates that targeted Pomc gene therapy in the hypothalamus reduces body weight and visceral adiposity, and improves glucose and fat metabolism in aged obese rats [4].
• Effects of moderate weight loss and orlistat on insulin resistance, regional adiposity, and fatty acids in type 2 diabetes [5].

Psychiatry related information on Adiposity

• Information on potentially confounding variables was taken from each examination, including age, adiposity (weight/height2), alcohol consumption (ounces per week), and caffeine intake (coffee and tea) [6].
• OBJECTIVE: To determine whether measures of physical activity are related to an insulin sensitivity index ([ISI] 10(4)/fasting insulin x glucose) independent of weight or adiposity in children [7].
• Leptin has emerged as the major lipostat, regulating adiposity by affecting feeding behavior and thermogenesis [8].

High impact information on Adiposity

• QTLs implicated in glucose tolerance and adiposity map to the same region of rat chromosome 1, and may indicate the influence of a single locus [9].
• Partial leptin deficiency and human adiposity [10].
• These changes occurred in the absence of variations in diet, smoking habits, adiposity, or plasma triglyceride concentrations and did not require a cardiovascular training effect [11].
• These findings suggest that serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels among Americans are more dependent on degree of adiposity than on frequency of consumption of fat, sugar, starch, or alcohol [12].
• Ghrelin, a recently described endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), is produced by stomach cells and is a potent circulating orexigen, controlling energy expenditure, adiposity, and growth hormone secretion [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of Adiposity

• Cortisol metabolism in human obesity: impaired cortisone-->cortisol conversion in subjects with central adiposity [14].
• In conclusion, young and nonobese PCOS patients were found to be in a low-grade, chronic inflammation state, and to have a body adiposity that evolves according to the balance of circulating adipocytokines and lipids, rather than to androgen excess or fasting hyperinsulinemia [15].
• In recent years, a growing body of evidence shows that retinoids and retinoic acid receptors are involved in the control of biological aspects (e.g. adiposity and energy expenditure mechanisms), which offers great potential for research on the treatment of obesity and type II diabetes [16].
• CONCLUSIONS: In Pima Indians, fasting C3 concentration is closely related to adiposity, insulin action, and fasting insulin levels and may thus be a mediator for the postulated link between obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and possibly atherosclerosis [17].
• Elevated C-peptide or C-peptide to fructosamine values were not observed in the sera from women belonging to the 'other-cancer control group'. This study suggests that hyperinsulinemia with insulin resistance is a significant risk factor for breast cancer independent of general adiposity or body fat distribution [18].

Biological context of Adiposity

• Means and standard deviations of adiposity index, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, blood glucose, and systolic blood pressure were calculated for the total population and hyperglycemics [19].
• METHODS AND RESULTS: The relation of abdominal adiposity and hyperinsulinemia to angiographically assessed CAD was evaluated in a sample of 120 French Canadian men aged <60 years who were heterozygotes for FH and in a group of 280 men without FH [20].
• Insulin resistance was quantified by determining the steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration in response to an infusion of octreotide, glucose, and insulin, and degree of adiposity was assessed by BMI [21].
• Administration of melanocortin agonists reduces food intake and adiposity, and the central melanocortin system is demonstrated to mediate the anorexic effects of both leptin and insulin [22].
• Leptin gene expression increases with age independent of increasing adiposity in rats [23].

Anatomical context of Adiposity

• Ghrelin is an acyl-peptide gastric hormone acting on the pituitary and hypothalamus to stimulate growth hormone (GH) release, adiposity, and appetite [24].
• In the hypothalamus, insulin functions with leptin as an afferent adiposity signal important for the regulation of body fat stores and hepatic glucose metabolism [25].
• We conclude that STZ-D in rats, at different stages of development and degrees of adiposity, results in quantitatively different alterations of adipocyte metabolism, which appear to be postreceptor in nature and result in an increase in glucose conversion to lactate [26].
• We therefore investigated whether the occurrence of insulin resistance in black NIDDM men could be explained by the pattern of body adipose tissue distribution rather than total adiposity [27].
• Increased intra-abdominal fat (visceral adiposity) with CHD is independent of NIDDM or impaired glucose tolerance [28].

Associations of Adiposity with chemical compounds

• A positive association between adiposity and plasma estrogen levels in postmenopausal women has been reported consistently [29].
• During fasting conditions, however, rates of FFA uptake across the leg were negatively correlated with visceral adiposity as were activities of muscle carnitine palmitoyl transferase and citrate synthase [30].
• The degree of adiposity and serum are important regulators of HR activity, whereas insulin is stimulatory only at a pharmacologic concentration [31].
• Overall, testosterone was associated inversely with HDL cholesterol and apo A-I in white boys, while progesterone was related positively to apo A-I in both races after adjusting for age and adiposity [32].
• Adiponectin, the most abundant adipose-specific protein, has been found to be negatively associated with degree of adiposity and positively associated with insulin sensitivity in Pima Indians and other populations [33].

Gene context of Adiposity

• There was a significant increase in adipose TNF mRNA levels with increasing adiposity [34].
• Within each decade, plasma SmC was inversely related to adiposity [35].
• CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: We confirmed that adipocyte 11beta-HSD1 mRNA concentrations were associated with adiposity, and showed that genetic variations in the HSD11B1 gene were associated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, plasma insulin concentrations and insulin action, independent of obesity [36].
• Pomc gene delivery decreased visceral adiposity and induced uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue in aged rats [4].
• Adiponectin in youth: relationship to visceral adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and beta-cell function [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Adiposity

• In contrast, all estimates of M3 were correlated with indices of adiposity (but not of overall body size) and with the serum cholesterol concentration [38].
• Regression analysis of the pooled data showed that high VAT and high VAT/SCAT, but not SCAT, predicted lower SI higher glucose and insulin AUCs during OGTT, and higher triglyceride levels, independent of total adiposity [39].
• Although the value of the diagnosis of DM (WHO/NDDG criteria) in pregnancy is not called into question, attention is drawn to the paucity of evidence linking lesser degrees of glucose intolerance with significant disturbance of pregnancy outcome when confounding variables such as maternal age, adiposity, and parity are allowed for [40].
• Adipose tissue GLUT4 protein content was strongly and negatively associated (r = -0.79 to -0.89, p < 0.01) with the waist-to-hip ratio but not with total adiposity [41].
• METHODS: The strengths of the associations between different measures of adiposity and glucose levels and diabetes were investigated in the Thai component of the International Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia (InterASIA), a multi-stage cross-sectional survey of risk factors in Thai adults aged 35 years or over [42].

References