Disease relevance of dicamba

• A three-component dicamba O-demethylase from Pseudomonas maltophilia, strain DI-6: gene isolation, characterization, and heterologous expression [1].
• Mixtures of the three highly purified recombinant dicamba O-demethylase components overexpressed in Escherichia coli converted dicamba to DCSA with an efficiency similar to that of the native enzyme, suggesting that all of the components required for optimal enzymatic activity have been identified [1].
• We investigated the developmental toxicity in mice of a common commercial formulation of herbicide containing a mixture of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), mecoprop, dicamba, and inactive ingredients [2].
• There was no apparent risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma.ConclusionsAlthough associations between exposure and lung and colon cancer were observed, we did not find clear evidence for an association between dicamba exposure and cancer risk [3].
• The 16S rRNA analysis results showed that the isolate belongs to the genus of Sphingomonas, close to dioxin and dicamba degraders, and is named Sphingomonas sp. SB5 [4].

High impact information on dicamba

• In the current study, we used N-terminal and internal amino acid sequence information from the purified proteins to clone the genes that encode dicamba O-demethylase [1].
• We found that among major chemical classes of herbicides, the risk of NHL was statistically significantly increased by exposure to phenoxyherbicides [OR, 1.38; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06-1.81] and to dicamba (OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.32-2.68) [5].
• When dicamba was reacted with reduced clay, a concentration-dependent increase in genomic DNA damage was observed [6].
• Genotoxicity of 2,4-D and dicamba revealed by transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants harboring recombination and point mutation markers [7].
• Female Sprague Dawley rats were given a single dose of diethylnitrosamine and then diets containing dicamba, or phenobarbital, or both for six months [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of dicamba

• The herbicide dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) was evaluated for its effects on bioenergetic activities of potato tuber mitochondria to elucidate putative mechanisms of action and to compare its toxicity with 2-chlorobenzoic acid [9].

Biological context of dicamba

• With this method it was possible to conduct preliminary studies examining the kinetics of dicamba metabolism in P. maltophilia [10].
• While dicamba did not show clastogenic effects in rodents, DNOC gave significant dose-related increases of structural chromosome aberrations in rat bone marrow cells [11].
• The genotoxic effects of the herbicide dicamba have been studied by measuring 1) the unwinding rate of liver DNA from intraperitoneally (i.p.) treated rats (fluorimetric assay); 2) DNA repair as unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) induced in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBL); and 3) sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in HPBL [12].
• Comparative effects of herbicide dicamba and related compound on plant mitochondrial bioenergetics [9].
• Differences were not observed among the four hormone treatments that contained dicamba, nevertheless, these treatments significantly increased the production of caryopses, embryos and haploid plants [13].

Anatomical context of dicamba

• Our results in this study suggest that the herbicide and peroxisome proliferator Dicamba has the ability to activate nuclear factor-kappaB [14].
• Lauric acid hydroxylase activity and CYP4A-reactive protein were increased in microsomes from male rats fed the highest level of dicamba [15].

Associations of dicamba with other chemical compounds

• In conclusion, dicamba is a stronger mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitor and uncoupler as compared to 2-chlorobenzoic acid [9].
• Female and male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 4) were fed diets containing either 0, 1, or 3% Dicamba or 0.01% ciprofibrate for 7 days [14].
• Extracts of this Fe0 treatment contained the same HPLC degradation peak observed with the Fe0 + Al or Fe(III) salt treatment of dicamba [16].
• METHODS: We conducted a case (NHL n = 513)/control (n = 1506) study among men using age; province of residence; exposure to insect repellents containing DEET, phenoxy-herbicides, or dicamba; and gloves when handling pesticides [17].
• Juglone, an inhibitor of PPIase, interfered with the normal ability of R seeds to germinate in the presence of dicamba, whereas S seeds did not germinate in the presence of dicamba or dicamba plus juglone [18].

Gene context of dicamba

• GH3 was highly induced by dicamba within 3 days after treatment (DAT) and remained high at 7 DAT, but induction was much lower at 17 DAT [19].
• The EDL (estimated detection limit) for this method is 0.1 microgram dicamba/L water (ppb) [20].
• The cytogenetic effects exerted by the phenoxy herbicide dicamba and one of its commercial formulations banvel((R)) (57.71% dicamba) were studied in in vitro whole blood human lymphocyte cultures [21].
• Selectivity of BAS 662H is additionally favoured by a higher crop tolerance to dicamba because of reduced foliar uptake of this herbicide in corn under the influence of diflufenzopyr [22].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of dicamba

• Analysis of dicamba degradation by Pseudomonas maltophilia using high-performance capillary electrophoresis [10].
• Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of dicamba [23].
• A protein of M(r) 80 kDa was visible when liver homogenates of female or male rats fed 1% dicamba were subjected to SDS-PAGE [15].
• The highest dose of dicamba tested (500.0mug/ml) resulted in cell culture cytotoxicity [21].
• A sensitive method is described for determining dicamba at low micrograms/L levels in ground waters by capillary column gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (GC-EC); compound identity is confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using selected ion monitoring [20].

References