Disease relevance of Sphingomonas

• Cytochromes P450SP(alpha) (CYP152B1) and P450BS(beta) (CYP152A1), which are isolated from Sphingomonas paucimobilis and Bacillus subtilis, respectively, belong to the P450 superfamily, but catalyze hydroxylation reactions, in which an oxygen atom from H2O2 is efficiently introduced into fatty acids (e.g., myristic acid) [1].
• The soil was inoculated with four different 2,4-D-degrading strains at densities of 10(3) cells per g of soil; the organisms used were Pseudomonas cepacia DBO1(pJP4) and three Michigan soil isolates, strain 745, Sphingomonas paucimobilis 1443, and Pseudomonas pickettii 712 [2].
• The linB gene product (LinB), 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-1,4-cyclohexadiene halidohydrolase, which is involved in the degradation of gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane in Sphingomonas paucimobilis UT26 (Y. Nagata, T. Nariya, R. Ohtomo, M. Fukuda, K. Yano, and M. Takagi, J. Bacteriol. 175:6403-6410, 1993), was overproduced in E. coli and purified to homogeneity [3].
• On the other hand, cadA showed limited distribution in 2,4-D-degrading Bradyrhizobium sp. and Sphingomonas sp. and some strains of non-2,4-D-degrading B. elkanii [4].
• Mutational analysis of pcpA and its role in pentachlorophenol degradation by Sphingomonas (Flavobacterium) chlorophenolica ATCC 39723 [5].

High impact information on Sphingomonas

• The pathway for degradation of the xenobiotic pesticide pentachlorophenol in Sphingomonas chlorophenolica probably evolved in the past few decades by the recruitment of enzymes from two other catabolic pathways [6].
• We demonstrate through equilibrium tetramer binding and antigen presentation assays with Valpha14i-positive NKT cell hybridomas that the Sphingomonas glycolipid alpha-galacturonosyl ceramide (GalA-GSL) is a NKT cell agonist that is significantly weaker than alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer), the most potent known NKT agonist [7].
• Respiratory administration of glycolipid antigens that specifically activate NKT cells (alpha-GalactosylCeramide and a Sphingomonas bacterial glycolipid) rapidly induced AHR and inflammation typically associated with protein allergen administration [8].
• The Sphingomonas glycosphingolipids (GSLs) and sulfatide variants were shown to activate human NKT cells as measured by IL-4 and IFN-gamma secretion [9].
• Several nonylphenol isomers with alpha-quaternary carbon atoms serve as growth substrates for Sphingomonas xenophaga Bayram, whereas isomers containing hydrogen atoms at the alpha-carbon do not [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Sphingomonas

• Bacterial glycolipids, alpha-galacturonosyl-ceramides from Sphingomonas wittichii, although structurally similar to alpha-GalCer, have significant differences in the sugar head group as well as the ceramide portion [9].
• gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane dehydrochlorinase (LinA) catalyzes the initial steps in the biotransformation of the important insecticide gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH) by the soil bacterium Sphingomonas paucimobilis UT26 [11].
• A three-dimensional model for the N-terminal domain (residues 1-281) and C-terminal domain (residues 294-420) of the gallate dioxygenase from P. putida KT2440 was generated by comparison with the crystal structures of the large (LigB) and small (LigA) subunits of the protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase from Sphingomonas paucimobilis SYK-6 [12].
• Here, we describe cloning of the FAAH gene from Sphingomonas paucimobilis, a sphingolipid- and 2-hydroxymyristic acid-rich bacterium [13].
• A water-soluble homodimeric serine palmitoyltransferase from Sphingomonas paucimobilis EY2395T strain. Purification, characterization, cloning, and overproduction [14].

Biological context of Sphingomonas

• Among family PL-7, a gene coding for a hypothetical protein (PA1167) homologous to Sphingomonas alginate lyase A1-II was found to be present in the P. aeruginosa genome [15].
• A functional 4-hydroxysalicylate/hydroxyquinol degradative pathway gene cluster is linked to the initial dibenzo-p-dioxin pathway genes in Sphingomonas sp. strain RW1 [16].
• Hybridization experiments with labeled gene probes suggested that large plasmids are involved in the degradation of dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, and naphthalenesulfonates in S. wittichii RW1, Sphingomonas sp. HH69, and S. xenophaga BN6, respectively [17].
• Requirement of a relatively high threshold level of Mg(2+) for cell growth of a rhizoplane bacterium, Sphingomonas yanoikuyae EC-S001 [18].
• 16S rDNA phylogeny and distribution of lin genes in novel hexachlorocyclohexane-degrading Sphingomonas strains [19].

Anatomical context of Sphingomonas

• Cell wall glycosphingolipids of Sphingomonas paucimobilis are CD1d-specific ligands for NKT cells [20].
• Fluorescent methods to study DNA, RNA, proteins and cytoplasmic membrane polarization in the pentachlorophenol-mineralizing bacterium Sphingomonas sp. UG30 during nutrient starvation in water [21].
• Cells of Sphingomonas sp. A1 directly incorporate a macromolecule, alginate, into the cytoplasm through a biosystem, super-channel, consisting of a pit on the cell surface, alginate-binding proteins in the periplasm, and an ATP-binding cassette transporter in the inner membrane [22].

Gene context of Sphingomonas

• The yield of F23Q from fluoranthene ranged from 2% for Sphingomonas yanoikuyae R1 to greater than 20% for Pseudomonas stutzeri P16 and Bacillus cereus P21 [23].
• Of the 17 isolates, 2 isolates also have the homolog of the carAa gene of Sphingomonas sp. strain CB3 [24].
• Members of the alpha subdivision of the Proteobacteria class, mostly of the genus Sphingomonas, did not hybridize to either tfdA or tfdC, but some hybridized at low stringency to tfdB [25].
• An aldehyde dehydrogenase gene, designated phnN, was isolated from a genome library of the 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene-utilizing soil bacterium, Sphingomonas sp. 14DN61 [26].
• Southern hybridization analyses showed that 3 and 17 isolates possessed the car gene homologs of Pseudomonas resinovorans CA10 and Sphingomonas sp. strain KA1, respectively [24].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Sphingomonas

• From the cell envelope preparation of Sphingomonas paucimobilis two membrane fractions with different densities were separated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation [27].
• Growth in coculture stimulates metabolism of the phenylurea herbicide isoproturon by Sphingomonas sp. strain SRS2 [28].
• A monoclonal antibody prepared against surface antigen of Sphingomonas sp. strain RW1 was used for the direct detection of RW1-like organisms in environmental samples by epifluorescence microscopy and subsequent confirmation by Western blot [29].

References