Disease relevance of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol

• Liposomes composed of distearoylphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol and appropriate RGD analogs were injected intravenously along with B16BL6 murine melanoma cells into mice [1].
• Furthermore, liposomal DPP-CNDAC reduced the acute toxicity, and liposomes containing PGlcUA showed more enhanced activities of reducing tumor growth and increasing the lifetime of the mice than liposomes containing DPPG [2].

High impact information on Dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol

• The bacteriostatic effects of SP-A were reversed by dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol [3].
• To understand the interaction of A beta with lipid membranes, we have examined A beta 40 with anionic dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), zwitterionic dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), and cationic dipalmitoyltrimethylammonium propane (DPTAP) monolayers under different subphase conditions [4].
• The current work uses infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) to determine peptide conformation and the effects of S-palmitoylation on the lipid interactions of a synthetic 13 residue N-terminal peptide [SP-C13(palm)(2)] of SP-C, in mixtures with 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) or 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) [5].
• Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine is zwitterionic and dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol is anionic at physiological pH [6].
• Small unilamellar vesicles of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol, a small amount of a fluorescent dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-analog, and surfactant-associated protein C were injected into the buffer solution [7].

Biological context of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol

• Incorporation of DPPG or fatty alcohols into the vesicle membranes also leads to a non-specific, temporary vesicle material accumulation in the lung, however, probably due to platelet activation [8].
• The clearance of the PGlcUA-liposomes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), cholesterol, and PGlcUA (40:40:20 as a molar ratio) from blood and their tissue distribution were compared with those of dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG)-liposomes (DPPC/cholesterol/DPPG = 40:40:20) [9].
• Long-circulating liposomes including GM1 liposomes, however, remained in the blood circulation and avoided liver trapping compared with control DPPG liposomes [10].
• The peptide binds to dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol sonicated vesicles according to the Lamgmuir isotherm, with a binding constant of 4.0x10(5) M(-1) and a binding-site number of 0.14 per lipid molecule [11].
• Egg phosphatidylglycerol, dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol and dilaurylphosphatidylglycerol liposomes inhibited cell growth more than dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol and dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol liposomes [12].

Anatomical context of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol

• Addition of HNP-2 to liposomes mimicking bacterial membranes (mixtures of dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol and -ethanolamine) resulted in phase separation owing to some domains being peptide-poor and others peptide-rich [13].
• These studies show that alveolar macrophages play an important role in catabolizing surfactant lipids and may be partially responsible for the relatively faster clearance of DPPG from the lung [14].
• The isotope ratio of DPPC to DPPG internalized by macrophages in suspension in the absence of SP-A was significantly lower than the isotope ratio in liposomes, suggesting that macrophages preferentially internalize DPPG when SP-A is absent [14].
• At these protein concentrations, neither dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol, nor phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylglycerol from egg yolk had significant effects on the binding of antibodies to SP-B up to protein-to-lipid weight ratios of 1:20 [15].

Associations of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol with other chemical compounds

• Comparative studies of the 6-propionyl-2-(dimethylamino)naphthalene spectra in dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol, dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine, and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine further elucidate the value and limitations of this probe as a diagnostic tool for lipid structure [16].
• Interactions of thionin from Pyrularia pubera with dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol large unilamellar vesicles [17].
• In the presence of lipid activators, Triton X-100 or dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol, a subset of the cysteine-substituted proteins no longer reacted with the membrane-impermeable IASD reagent, indicating penetration of these protein segments into the lipid micelles [18].
• There is good agreement between calculated transition temperature vs. pH curves and experimental data for dimyristoylmethylphosphatidic acid, dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol, dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol, dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine, and dimyristoylphosphatidic acid [19].
• The effect of gamma-radiation on aqueous solutions of saturated phospholipids, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (DPPG), 1-palmitoyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lysoPC), and bovine brain sphingomyelin (SM) has been investigated [20].

Gene context of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol

• Both SP-B and SP-C eliminate squeeze-out of POPG from mixed DPPG/POPG monolayers by inducing a two- to three-dimensional transformation of the fluid-phase fraction of the monolayer [21].
• Langmuir isotherms, fluorescence microscopy, and atomic force microscopy were used to study lung surfactant specific proteins SP-B and SP-C in monolayers of dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) and palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylglycerol (POPG), which are representative of the anionic lipids in native and replacement lung surfactants [21].
• In the ternary mixtures of SP-B plus SP-C with DPPG separate exclusion of SP-B was not detected; rather, the data was consistent with exclusion of a (SP-B:SP-C)/DPPG complex at about 50 mN.m-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)[22]
• Kinetic and structural study of the interaction of myelin basic protein with dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol layers [23].
• Interaction of myelin basic protein with dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol: dependence on the lipid phase and investigation of a metastable state [24].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol

• Suspensions of dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) have been analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, equilibrium and differential scanning dilatometry, and X-ray diffraction techniques [25].
• The effect of poly(L-lysine) on dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol bilayers has been studied by Raman and infrared spectroscopies, small-angle X-ray diffraction, and carboxyfluorescein escape experiments [26].
• SP-C, a highly hydrophobic, 3.7-kDa protein constituent of lung surfactant, has been isolated from bovine lung lavage, purified, and reconstituted into binary lipid mixtures of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) [27].
• Formation of low-temperature ordered gel phases in several fully hydrated phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) and phosphatidylcholines (PCs) with saturated chains as well as in dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) was observed by synchrotron x-ray diffraction, microcalorimetry, and densitometry [28].
• However, analysis by DSC of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC): dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) = 10:1 and DPPC liposome dispersions showed that the freezing protocol affected the bilayer melting characteristics of these liposomes after freeze-drying and rehydration [29].

References