Disease relevance of Gamma Rays

• Activation of a c-K-ras oncogene by somatic mutation in mouse lymphomas induced by gamma radiation [1].
• We cloned and sequenced a human cDNA, designated XRCC9, that partially corrected the hypersensitivity of UV40 to mitomycin C, cisplatin, ethyl methanesulfonate, UV, and gamma-radiation [2].
• The antigen-presenting cells responsible for activating the effector pathway of the contact hypersensitivity response express Ia histocompatibility determinants and are resistant to inactivation with gamma-radiation [3].
• Since the p53-mediated G(1) checkpoint is operative in these cells, the chromosomal aberrations observed occurred preferentially in G(2) after irradiation with gamma rays, corroborating the role of the 14-3-3sigma protein in G(2)/M progression [4].
• We previously showed that human plasma activated AKT and potently blocked the ability of chlorambucil or gamma radiation to induce apoptosis of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells [5].

Psychiatry related information on Gamma Rays

• The effects of 13 Gy gamma-radiation alone and in combination with 200 mg/kg of the radioprotector S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR-2721) on locomotor activity and body weight were examined in CD2F1 mice over a 10-month period [6].

High impact information on Gamma Rays

• We investigated the mechanism by which the transcriptional repressor Slug specifically rescues hematopoietic progenitor cells from lethal doses of gamma radiation [7].
• The core circadian genes are induced by gamma radiation in wild-type mice but not in mPer2 mutant mice [8].
• Reconstituting NBS cells with a mutant form of Nbs that cannot be phosphorylated at selected, ATM-dependent serine residues led to a specific reduction in clonogenic survival after gamma-radiation [9].
• Here we report that Nbs is specifically phosphorylated in response to gamma-radiation, ultraviolet light and exposure to hydroxyurea [9].
• Lunar Prospector gamma-ray spectrometer spectra along with counting rate maps of thorium, potassium, and iron delineate large compositional variations over the lunar surface [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Gamma Rays

• Here, we showed that phytosphingosine treatment in combination with gamma-radiation enhanced apoptotic cell death of radiation-resistant human T-cell lymphoma in a caspase-independent manner [11].
• CHO/DEM cells were used to address the question of whether chronic elevation of glutathione, above control concentrations, reduced the cytotoxicity produced by exposure to cisplatin, gamma-radiation, or hyperthermia [12].
• S-2-(3-Aminopropylamino)ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR-2721) was shown to provide marked protection against development of radiation-induced leg contractures in C3Hf/Kam mice whose legs were exposed to single doses of gamma-radiation [13].
• In the present report we show that clinically relevant doses of gamma-radiation (2 Gy) stimulate phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis in human squamous carcinoma cells [14].
• Overcoming resistance to gamma-rays in squamous carcinoma cells by poly-drug elevation of ceramide levels [15].

Biological context of Gamma Rays

• Phosphorylation of Nbs mediated by gamma-radiation, but not that induced by hydroxyurea or ultraviolet light, was markedly reduced in ATM cells [9].
• Cells with a functional p53 pathway undergo a G0/G1 arrest or apoptosis when treated with gamma radiation or many chemotherapeutic drugs [16].
• In particular, fifth generation (G5) mouse telomerase RNA (mTR)(-/)- mice, with telomeres 40% shorter than in wild-type mice, are hypersensitive to cumulative doses of gamma rays [17].
• Exposure of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to ultraviolet (UV) light, the UV-mimetic chemical 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO), or gamma radiation after release from G1 arrest induced by alpha factor results in delayed resumption of the cell cycle [18].
• This mutant was derived from LCL 721 by means of immunoselections following gamma-ray mutagenesis that eliminated expressions of the HLA-A, -B, and -C alpha chains [19].

Anatomical context of Gamma Rays

• In contrast, p53 deficiency or constitutive expression of Bcl-2 markedly increased the resistance of lymphocytes to gamma radiation or anticancer drugs but had no effect on killing by FasL [20].
• In an attempt to reconstitute RAG-2-/- mice with bone marrow- or fetal liver-derived progenitor cells, we subjected these mice to sublethal doses of gamma-radiation [21].
• When MCp in BALB/c mice were eliminated with sublethal doses of gamma-radiation and then reconstituted with syngeneic BM, the administration of anti-alpha4beta7 integrin, anti-alpha4 integrin, anti-beta7 integrin, or anti-MAdCAM-1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) blocked the recovery of MCp in the small intestine [22].
• The effect of 0-400 rad 60Co gamma-ray doses on distinct steps in the process of murine T-cell activation by concanavalin A (Con A) was investigated [23].
• The effects of a myeloablative sublethal 775 cGy 60C gamma radiation exposure on endogenous bone marrow (BM) and splenic granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) mRNA levels were assayed in B6D2F1 female mice [24].

Associations of Gamma Rays with chemical compounds

• The exposure of the population of Utah to external gamma-radiation from the fallout from nuclear weapons tests carried out between 1951 and 1958 at the Nevada Test Site has been reconstructed from recent measurements of residual cesium-137 and plutonium in soil [25].
• The technetium-99m analog, trans-(99mTc(dmpe) 2Cl2]+, has also been prepared and shown to yield excellent gamma-ray images of the heart [26].
• Oxygen atoms were introduced on a polystyrene surface by irradiation with electron or gamma-ray radiation [27].
• We developed a spleen colony assay for the clonogenic component of the tumor and used it to define the dose-response relationships for various anticancer agents, including melphalan, cyclophosphamide, 1,3-bis(chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, 5-fluouracil, gamma-radiation, methotrexate, methylprednisolone, cytosine arabinoside, and vincristine [28].
• Morbidity and mortality reduction by supplemental vitamin A or beta-carotene in CBA mice given total-body gamma-radiation [29].

Gene context of Gamma Rays

• Gamma radiation administered in early to mid-, but not late, G1 induced the arrest, suggesting that the p53 checkpoint is only active in G1 until cells commit to enter S phase at the G1 restriction point [30].
• In this study, we show that BLM function is specifically required to properly relocalize the RAD50/MRE11/NBS1 (RMN) complex at sites of replication arrest, but is not essential in the activation of BRCA1 either after stalled replication forks or gamma-rays [31].
• 53BP1 foci formation is not restricted to gamma-radiation but is also detected in response to UV radiation as well as hydroxyurea, camptothecin, etoposide, and methylmethanesulfonate treatment [32].
• Three mutants (gam1, gam2, and gam4), insensitive or weakly sensitive to gamma-rays, exhibit increased frequency of spontaneous production of mutants with large deletions of the mtDNA (p-) and of all tested mitochondrial drug-resistant mutants [33].
• A large decrease in mosaic clone frequency is observed when Rrp1 overexpression precedes treatment with gamma-rays, bleomycin, or paraquat [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Gamma Rays

• On a third day, they received 8 Gy (800 rads) whole body irradiation with cobalt 60 gamma-rays after either placebo (n = 10) or domperidone (n = 10) [35].
• The cellular p53 response to gamma radiation was also assessed by immunoblotting [36].
• The chain oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.NADH by perhydroxyl radicals and propagated by molecular oxygen was studied by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system, 60Co gamma-ray, and pulse radiolysis [37].
• Activation of Chk2 might not only delay mitotic entry, but also increase the capacity of cultured cells to survive after treatment with gamma-radiation or with the topoisomerase-I inhibitor topotecan [38].
• Results indicate that some aspects of the matabolism of ethanol in specific tissues can be assessed by gamma-ray scintigraphy [39].

References