Disease relevance of IGKV2-26

• Coxsackievirus A21 (CAV21) is classified within the species Human enterovirus C (HEV-C) of the Enterovirus genus of picornaviruses [1].
• Experimental Design: The oncolytic capacity of a genetically unmodified wild-type common cold-producing human enterovirus (Coxsackievirus A21, CAV21) was assessed against in vitro cultures and in vivo xenografts of malignant human melanoma cells [2].
• Competitive viral binding assays have revealed previously that coxsackievirus A21 (CAV21) and human rhinovirus 14 (HRV14) share a common cell surface receptor [3].
• We also found that neither the human coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor nor intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1, which mediate the entry of coxsackie B viruses and coxsackievirus A21, respectively, functions as a receptor for EV70 [4].
• In addition, virions lacking A21 were unable to mediate low pH-triggered cell-cell fusion [5].

High impact information on IGKV2-26

• This domain comprises some of the eight carboxy-terminal residues of the B-chain and the A21 asparagine [6].
• The phenotype of the L5R conditional lethal mutant is identical to that of recently described mutants in which expression of the A21, A28, and H2 genes is repressed [7].
• Expression of the A21 protein occurred at late times of infection and was dependent on viral DNA replication [5].
• The A21 protein contained two intramolecular disulfide bonds, the formation of which required the vaccinia virus-encoded cytoplasmic redox pathway, and was localized on the surface of the lipoprotein membrane of intracellular mature virions [5].
• Coxsackievirus A21 (a common cold virus) targets and destroys susceptible cells via specific viral capsid interactions with surface-expressed virus receptors comprising ICAM-1 and DAF [2].

Chemical compound and disease context of IGKV2-26

• Clinical activity of pleconaril in an experimentally induced coxsackievirus A21 respiratory infection [8].
• Chrysophanic acid did not have significant antiviral activity against five other viruses tested: Coxsackievirus types A21 and B4, human rhinovirus type 2 (Picornaviridae), and the enveloped viruses Ross River virus (Togaviridae) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (Herpesviridae) [9].

Biological context of IGKV2-26

• Poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 but not coxsackievirus B4, coxsackievirus A21 or rhinovirus 14 provided efficient trans-encapsidation of poliovirus type 3 or type 3-derived replicons [10].
• However, one analog with A21 glycine showed first-order absorption kinetics in pigs with a half-life of approximately 25 h, independent of the Zn2+ concentration [11].
• Land application of biosolids resulted in risks that were <2 x 10(-4) from inhalation of coxsackievirus A21 [12].
• The nucleotide sequence of the 3Cpro region thus sequenced showed striking homology with polioviruses and coxsackievirus A21 [13].
• Based on the similarity of the nucleotide sequence of the 5' and 3' noncoding regions, together with the amino-acid sequence of the encoded proteins, EH24/70 appeared to be closely related to polioviruses and coxsackievirus A21 [14].

Anatomical context of IGKV2-26

• MPCMK caused a reduction in the yields of the enteroviruses poliovirus type 1 and coxsackievirus A21 and of human rhinovirus 2 in infected HeLa cells but did not affect the growth of encephalomyocarditis virus, a picornavirus of the Cardiovirus genus [15].
• Modification of the human insulin molecule at position A21 and at the C-terminus of the B-chain results in the formation of a stable compound that is soluble at pH 4.0, but forms amorphous microprecipitates in subcutaneous tissue from which small amounts of insulin glargine are gradually released [16].
• In yield reduction studies in human embryonic lung fibroblast cells, pretreatment with 1.0 or 10 micrograms/ml of RRMA partially protected (greater than 90% titer reduction) against infection by RV 39 or coxsackie A21 (members of the major receptor family), but not by RV 1A (member of the minor receptor family) [17].

Associations of IGKV2-26 with chemical compounds

• Fourteen hours after receiving the initial dose of either pleconaril or placebo, subjects were inoculated intranasally with 100 plaque-forming units of coxsackievirus A21 [8].
• [Sar1, Iasn21-A] insulin differs from insulin in that both the A1 and A21 amino acid residues, glycine and asparagine, have been substituted by sarcosine and isoasparagine, respectively [18].
• It was found that a chiral drug Naproxen (A21) was a highly efficient additive for Ti-catalyzed HDA reaction, affording 2-substituted 2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one in up to 97 % ee and >99 % yields [19].
• In order to investigate the importance of this hydrogen bond for biological activity a gene for the single-chain precursor B-chain(1-29)-Ala-Ala-Lys-A-chain(1-21) featuring an A21 proline was synthesized [11].
• However, acid solutions of insulin are chemically unstable as A21 asparagine both deamidates to aspartic acid and takes part in formation of covalent dimers via alpha-amino groups of other molecules [11].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of IGKV2-26

• In contrast, serial passage with bovine enterovirus, Coxsackievirus A21 or B3, or enterovirus 70 did not result in trans encapsidation, even though co-infection of cells with the replicon and different enteroviruses resulted in high-level expression of luciferase [20].
• The uncertainty estimate was calculated for the peak area of insulin plus A21 desamido insulin resulting from an HPLC analysis of a sample of an injectable human insulin preparation, Actrapid HM 100 IU ml(-1) (Novo Nordisk A/S) [21].
• Sequence analysis of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction amplified fragments from the 5'-non-coding region of human enteroviruses identified a local strain of coxsackie virus A21 in the muscle [22].

References