Disease relevance of Togaviridae

• In this report, we have shown that transfected mosquito cells expressing the human MxA cDNA are resistant to LAC virus but permissive for Sindbis virus (family Togaviridae) infection [1].
• We analyzed ZAP's ability to inhibit viruses from other families and found that ZAP potently inhibits the replication of multiple members of the Alphavirus genus within the Togaviridae, including Sindbis virus, Semliki Forest virus, Ross River virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus [2].
• Synergistic antiviral effects of ribavirin and the C-nucleoside analogs tiazofurin and selenazofurin against togaviruses, bunyaviruses, and arenaviruses [3].
• The effect of gold sodium thiomalate in adult Swiss/A2G mice infected with togaviruses and flaviviruses [4].
• Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) (family Togaviridae) causes mortality in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.) in Norway, France, UK, and Ireland. At least three subtypes of SAV exist: SPDV in UK/Ireland, SDV in France/UK, and the recently reported Norwegian salmonid alphavirus (NSAV) in western Norway [5].

High impact information on Togaviridae

• Deacylation of spike proteins by NH2OH treatment of virus particles resulted in a block of hemolytic activity in influenza virus subtypes H7 and H10 as well as of that in the togaviruses Semliki Forest and Sindbis virus [6].
• Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) is currently classified within the Togaviridae family [7].
• Polyadenylic acid sequences in the genomic RNA of the togavirus of simian hemorrhagic fever [8].
• 3-Nitro-3-deazauridine (3N-3DU) is a new synthetic nucleoside having activity against members of 5 RNA virus families including: paramyxoviruses (parainfluenza, PIV), picornaviruses (rhino-, RV), rhabdoviruses (vesicular stomatitis, VSV), togaviruses (Semliki Forest, SFV) and bunyaviruses (Punta Toro, PTV) [9].
• The generally greater availability of human erythrocytes (including those stabilized with glutaraldehyde), the simplicity of the trypsin treatment, and the possibility of using unextracted haemagglutinin recommend this technique for use with haemagglutinating Togaviridae [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Togaviridae

• As an example hog cholera virus (family Togaviridae) was labelled with [75Se]methionine and analyzed in sucrose and CsCl gradients and in PAGE [11].
• Togavirus RNA: reversible effect of urea on genomes and absence of subgenomic viral RNA in Kunjin virus-infected cells [12].
• It agglutinated goose erythrocytes in a 0.35 M sodium chloride solution at an optimum pH of 6.2 and was antigenically identical or closely related to Getah virus, a member of the alphavirus subgroup of the Togaviridae [13].

Biological context of Togaviridae

• Non-specific inhibitory fraction for hemagglutination of some togaviruses obtained from Swiss albino mouse brain [14].

Gene context of Togaviridae

• The newly developed single-radial-haemolysis technique was employed in this study for screening of sera for detection of antibodies to three Nigerian togaviruses [15].
• Sera from 67 epilepsy patients, 50 direct healthy relatives and 22 geographically matched controls were tested for antibodies to 16 arboviruses of the Togaviridae and Bunyaviridae known to occur in Africa. Antibodies to arboviruses were found in 16.5% of the epilepsy patients, 36% of the mostly older family members, and in 22% of the controls [16].

References