Disease relevance of sarcosine

• The crystal structure of heterotetrameric sarcosine oxidase (TSOX) from Pseudomonas maltophilia has been determined at 1.85 A resolution [1].
• Sarcosine oxidase was purified to homogeneity from Corynebacterium sp. P-1, a soil organism isolated by a serial enrichment technique [2].
• Kinetic studies of the mechanism of carbon-hydrogen bond breakage by the heterotetrameric sarcosine oxidase of Arthrobacter sp. 1-IN [3].
• N-Methyltryptophan oxidase (MTOX), a flavoenzyme from Escherichia coli, catalyzes the oxidative demethylation of secondary amino acids such as N-methyltryptophan or N-methylglycine (sarcosine) [4].
• Proteomic analysis of the sarcosine-insoluble outer membrane fraction of Helicobacter pylori strain 26695 [5].

High impact information on sarcosine

• Conversely, glycine or the GlyT1 inhibitor sarcosine suppress respiratory activity in slices from wild-type mice [6].
• The properties of cholylsarcosine (the synthetic N-acyl conjugate of cholic acid with sarcosine [N-methylglycine]) were examined to determine its suitability as a bile acid replacement agent for conditions of bile acid deficiency in the small intestine, which causes fat malabsorption [7].
• Dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (DMGDH) (E.C. number 1.5.99.2) is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme involved in the metabolism of choline, converting dimethylglycine to sarcosine [8].
• [3H]Glycine transport mediated by clone GLYT1 is blocked by sarcosine but is not blocked by methyl-aminoisobutyric acid or L-alanine, a substrate specificity similar to that described for a previously identified glycine-uptake system called system Gly [9].
• When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, rat SIT1 mediated the uptake of imino acids such as proline (K0.5 approximately 0.2 mM) and pipecolate, as well as N-methylated amino acids (e.g. MeAIB, sarcosine) [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of sarcosine

• We suggest that the Arthrobacter sp. genes encoding the L27 ribosomal protein and the proteins responsible for the degradation of creatinine and sarcosine were acquired simultaneously through horizontal gene transfer from an unknown Bacillus species [11].
• Studies with sarcosine oxidases from Arthrobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp. show that these heterotetrameric enzymes also contain covalently bound FMN plus noncovalently bound FAD and NAD+, similar to corynebacterial sarcosine oxidase [12].
• Organization of the genes involved in dimethylglycine and sarcosine degradation in Arthrobacter spp.: implications for glycine betaine catabolism [13].
• Some compounds, especially the proline and sarcosine derivatives, showed favorable therapeutic ratios; 12 CNC-oligopeptides displayed a more or less pronounced therapeutic activity in L 1210 leukemia [14].
• Earlier data have demonstrated that the developmental toxicity of 2-ME can be attenuated by simple physiological compounds such as serine, acetate, sarcosine, glycine, and D-glucose [15].

Biological context of sarcosine

• We have identified a three-step series of methylation reactions from glycine to betaine, which is catalyzed by two methyltransferases, glycine sarcosine methyltransferase and sarcosine dimethylglycine methyltransferase, with partially overlapping substrate specificity [16].
• The sarcosine oxidase operon contains at least five closely packed genes encoding sarcosine oxidase subunits and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (glyA), arranged in the order glyAsoxBDAG [17].
• The products of GO reaction with various substrates have been determined, and it has been clearly shown that GO catalyzes the oxidative deamination of primary and secondary amines, a reaction similar to that of d-amino acid oxidase, although its sequence homology is higher with enzymes such as sarcosine oxidase and N-methyltryptophane oxidase [18].
• The affinity of angiotensin II analogs for the receptor was determined using competitive binding assays; sarcosine, leucine-angiotensin II (Sar,Leu-angiotensin II), Kd = 0.53 nM; angiotensin II, Kd = 2.5 nM; des-aspartic acid-angiotensin II, Kd = 4.81 nM; angiotensin I, Kd = 77.6 nM [19].
• Sarcosine oxidation in mammals occurs via a mitochondrial dehydrogenase closely linked to the electron transport chain [20].

Anatomical context of sarcosine

• The fact that the folate binding proteins in rat liver mitochondria are two enzymes, dimethylglycine dehydrogenase and sarcosine dehydrogenase, suggests that enzyme activities may eventually be discovered for the other intracellular folate binding proteins [21].
• Transfection of human fibroblast cell lines and CV-1 cells (monkey kidney epithelial cells) with the sox cDNA resulted in a peroxisomal localization of sarcosine oxidase and revealed that the import into the peroxisomes is mediated by the peroxisomal targeting signal 1 pathway [20].
• We developed a new, highly sensitive enzymatic method for quantifying creatine in erythrocytes, which comprises creatine amidinohydrolase, sarcosine oxidase, and peroxidase [22].
• The significant enhancement of binding-inhibition potency by N-terminal sarcosine substitution is attributable to higher affinity of the modified peptide for the angiotensin II receptor site, and is consistent with the increased activity of [Sar1]-angiotensin II upon smooth muscle and aldosterone production in vitro [23].
• Modifications of the standard alkaline protocol included an increase to 2% of sodium sarcosinate in the lysis solution, a reduction in the glass-slide area for comet analysis, and a cutoff value for comet head diameter of at least 30 microm, to exclude contaminating leukocytes [24].

Associations of sarcosine with other chemical compounds

• We have studied the effects of the osmolytes sarcosine, betaine, trimethylamine-N-oxide, and taurine on the structure and stability of the protein.peptide complex RNase S using x-ray crystallography and titration calorimetry, respectively [25].
• Glycine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.20) catalyzes the methylation of glycine by S-adenosylmethionine to form sarcosine and S-adenosylhomocysteine [26].
• Characterization and metabolic function of a peroxisomal sarcosine and pipecolate oxidase from Arabidopsis [27].
• One of gene products (ORF1) catalyzed the methylation reactions of glycine and sarcosine with S-adenosylmethionine acting as the methyl donor [28].
• Sequence analysis of sarcosine oxidase and nearby genes reveals homologies with key enzymes of folate one-carbon metabolism [17].

Gene context of sarcosine

• A sarcosine-containing con-T truncation analog, con-T[1-9/G1Src/Q6G], inhibited currents in NR1a/NR2A and NR1a/NR2B receptors, eliminating residues 10-21 as mediators of the broad subunit selectivity of con-T [29].
• The Escherichia coli gene encoding MTOX (solA) was isolated on the basis of its sequence homology with monomeric sarcosine oxidase, a sarcosine-inducible enzyme found in many bacteria [30].
• Pso appears to encode a homolog of the single-subunit (40 kDa) bacterial sarcosine oxidases [31].
• Like rat GlyT2, the high-affinity uptake mediated by hGlyT2 was found to be insensitive to the GlyT1 inhibitor sarcosine [32].
• Unfolding and refolding kinetics of human FKBP12 C22A were monitored by fluorescence emission over a wide range of urea concentration in the presence and absence of protecting osmolytes glycerol, proline, sarcosine and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of sarcosine

• Paper chromatography, column chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified high levels of sarcosine in the urine of the mutant mice [34].
• An enzyme electrode system for the determination of creatinine and creatine was developed by utilizing three enzymes: creatinine amidohydrolase (CA), creatine amidinohydrolase (Cl), and sarcosine oxidase (SO) [35].
• After treatment with 1% sarcosine or 2% 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethyl-ammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) detergents, we observed frequent 30-50 nm annular particles, probably released from pathological aggregates due to the dissociation of filaments by the detergents [36].
• We have carried out a differential scanning calorimetry study into the pH effect on the thermal denaturation of ribonuclease A at several concentrations of the osmolyte sarcosine [37].
• Resonances corresponding to administered L-[methyl-2H3]methionine, and to the transmethylation product sarcosine, are observed during the first 10-min period after an intravenous injection of the labeled methionine, and the time dependence has been followed for a period of 5 h [38].

References