Disease relevance of Subcutaneous Tissue

• Börjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome (BFLS; OMIM 301900) is characterized by moderate to severe mental retardation, epilepsy, hypogonadism, hypometabolism, obesity with marked gynecomastia, swelling of subcutaneous tissue of the face, narrow palpebral fissure and large but not deformed ears [1].
• Urinary Bence Jones protein and amyloid fibril protein isolated from the subcutaneous tissue of a patient with IgD myeloma and associated amyloidosis were subjected to physicochemical and immunochemical identification [2].
• Progressive facial hemiatrophy (PFH), a rare disorder characterized by progressive and self-limited atrophy of the skin and the subcutaneous tissues, is often associated with epilepsy but the link between these two conditions is poorly understood [3].
• Enrofloxacin (2.5 mg/kg of body weight) and danofloxacin (1.25 mg/kg) were administered subcutaneously to ruminating calves (n = 8) fitted with subcutaneous tissue cages [4].
• These changes are of the same type described in Thorotrast granulomas of the subcutaneous tissues [5].

High impact information on Subcutaneous Tissue

• By contrast, lin-12 mediates somatic cell interactions, including those between the precursor cells that form the vulval hypodermis (VPCs) [6].
• Subsequent systemic treatment with a dexamethasone (0.08 mg/day) insulin mixture injected subcutaneously into the depressed areas resulted in an impressive return of subcutaneous tissue after eight months of continuous therapy [7].
• Lactate release from the subcutaneous tissue in lean and obese men [8].
• The extracellular pH and temperature of Walker 256 carcinoma and of normal subcutaneous tissue were measured continuously in unanesthetized female Sprague-Dawley rats for up to 20 hours following glucose or galactose administration [9].
• Mutations in mua-3 cause a separation of the hypodermis from the cuticle, suggesting this gene is required for maintaining hypodermal-cuticle attachment as the animal grows in size postembryonically. mua-3 encodes a predicted 3,767 amino acid protein with a large extracellular domain, a single transmembrane helix, and a smaller cytoplasmic domain [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Subcutaneous Tissue

• Polarisation microscopy of material obtained by fine needle biopsy of subcutaneous tissue and stained with Congo red is a simple and reliable method for the diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis [11].
• METHODS: In a controlled study, a single dose of 150 mg of quinacrine was injected interstitially into a C6 glioma implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of Wistar rats [12].
• Minced tumor fragments were xenografted into subcutaneous tissue of the lateral thoracic regions of young adult, virgin female nude mice to study the effects of somatostatin analog SMS 201-995 on growth of estrogen-dependent (MCF-7) and estrogen-independent (BT-20) human breast carcinomas [13].
• ATP-MgCl2 administered intravenously at 60 mumol/kg led to (1) diminished colorectal seromuscular ischemia evidenced by laser Doppler velocimetric readings, (2) decreased skin and subcutaneous tissue injury in the treatment portals, (3) significantly decreased perianastomotic inflammatory reaction, and (4) increased early hydroxyproline content [14].
• In vivo, AxGFAPNCre/AxCALGLTK injection into C6 gliomas in the subcutaneous tissue of nude mice followed by intraperitoneal ganciclovir (GCV) treatment significantly suppressed tumor growth compared with control mice [15].

Biological context of Subcutaneous Tissue

• We have also found that overexpression of MEC-8 in hypodermis but not muscle can suppress certain unc-52 mutant phenotypes [16].
• A rescuing daf-9::GFP fusion gene driven by the daf-9 promoter is expressed in two head cells at all stages, in the hypodermis from mid-second larval stage (L2) to the fourth larval stage (L4), and in the spermatheca of the adult hermaphrodite [17].
• The sma-5 gene is expressed in intestine, excretory cell and hypodermis, and encodes homologs of a mammalian MAP kinase BMK1/ERK5/MAPK7, which was reported to control cell cycle and cell proliferation [18].
• C. elegans lin-39 mutants are vulvaless and the vulval precursor cells fuse with the surrounding hypodermis, whereas in P. pacificus lin-39 mutants the vulval precursor cells die by apoptosis [19].
• In the vulva, sex myoblasts, and hypodermis, lin-42 activity prevents stage-specific cell division patterns from occurring too early [20].

Anatomical context of Subcutaneous Tissue

• These data are consistent with a loss of vasoconstrictor tone in the blood vessels perfusing skin and subcutaneous tissue at 37 degrees C and an inability of these vessels to vasodilate and increase blood flow at 44 degrees C in diabetic patients in general and neuropathic diabetic patients in particular [21].
• RESULTS: Mutations in che-14 resulted in several partially penetrant phenotypes affecting the function of most epithelial or epithelial-like cells of the ectoderm, including the hypodermis, excretory canal, vulva, rectum and several support cells [22].
• We conclude that first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients may have an enhanced net lactate release per fat cell in abdominal subcutaneous tissue [23].
• Utilizing small intestine isografts implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of adult recipients, apolipoprotein B mRNA editing was developmentally up-regulated, parallel to that seen with an intact control [24].
• Ticarcillin disodium plus clavulanate potassium (in a ratio of 30:1) was used to treat 30 children (mean age equal to 4.9 years) with acute infections of the urinary tract, skeletal system, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, skin and subcutaneous tissue, and blood [25].

Associations of Subcutaneous Tissue with chemical compounds

• Among daf-9-expressing cells, the hypodermis is most visibly regulated by environmental inputs, including dietary cholesterol [26].
• The lactate and pyruvate levels in subcutaneous tissue increased briefly after insulin replacement, whereas the lactate but not pyruvate levels in blood showed a similar increase [27].
• Clinical images: steroid-induced subcutaneous tissue atrophy [28].
• Subcutaneous tissue and muscle concentrations varied between 2.7 and 38.0 micrograms/g. Cefmenoxime concentrations in cardiac valvular tissue were higher than those in muscle and fat [29].
• The delayed increments of glucagon under human insulin following arginine stimulation may be the result of a more rapid insulin absorption from subcutaneous tissue and a greater biologic action of this insulin in comparison with the PPI [30].

Gene context of Subcutaneous Tissue

• Elimination of nob-1 and php-3 functions causes gross embryonic defects in both posterior patterning and morphogenetic movements of the posterior hypodermis, as well as posterior-to-anterior cell fate transformations and lethality [31].
• Furthermore, constitutive expression of daf-9 in the hypodermis suppresses dauer arrest of daf-7 mutant animals and inhibits dauer remodelling of some tissues in daf-2 mutant animals [17].
• As dbl-1 is expressed primarily in the nervous system, these results suggest a model in which postembryonic growth of hypodermal cells is regulated by TGFbeta-related signaling from the nervous system to the hypodermis [32].
• The time of LIN-29 appearance in the hypodermis is controlled by the heterochronic gene pathway: LIN-29 accumulates in the hypodermis abnormally early, during the third larval stage, in loss-of-function lin-14, lin-28 and lin-42 mutants, and fails to accumulate in hypodermis of lin-4 mutants [33].
• Employing a double-immunocytochemical technique, this study investigated in Wistar rats with Freund's complete adjuvant-induced hind paw inflammation whether immune cells within blood and inflamed subcutaneous tissue express CRH R1 and/or CRH R2 together with the opioid peptide beta-endorphin (END) [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Subcutaneous Tissue

• Expression of the sma-5 gene in hypodermis is important for body size control, and it can function both organ-autonomously and non-autonomously [18].
• We conclude that changes in blood glucose could be monitored in the subcutaneous tissue by the microdialysis technique in a continuous on line manner [35].
• Immunohistocytochemistry revealed that Bm-MIF was localized to cells of the hypodermis/lateral chord, the uterine wall, and larvae developing in utero [36].
• One dose of 500 mg metronidazole (M) was given to 21 patients before appendectomy and the concentrations of the parent compound and the major metabolite hydroxymetronidazole (OH-M), assayed in serum and tissue homogenates of appendix and subcutaneous tissues by high pressure liquid chromatography [37].
• Because gallium scintigraphy performed after the operation still showed bilateral abnormal uptakes, skin and subcutaneous tissues of the bilateral axillary areas were resected [38].

References