Disease relevance of Prejudice

• We have recently reported the association of a polymorphic intronic CA-repeat in the interferon-gamma gene (IFNG) with gender bias in susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) in a Sardinian population [1].
• Some phenotypes, such as glomerulonephritis (GN) and anti-chromatin IgG antibody production, were more penetrant in females, but others, such as anti-dsDNA antibody production, did not show a gender bias [2].
• Estrogens seem to play an important role in the overexpression of endogenous autoantigens, such as human endogenous retroviruses (HERV), and this may be related to the existence of a gender bias in the incidence of SLE but not atopy [3].
• We found that organizations have few Latino volunteers and that the deterrents to involvement are stigma of HIV/AIDS and homosexuality, racism, and apathy [4].
• BACKGROUND: Behavioral scientists have theorized that perceived racism in social interactions may account for some of the observed disparities in coronary heart disease between Black and White Americans [5].

Psychiatry related information on Prejudice

• Pain thresholds were measured on P16, P22, and P65 (hot-plate test), and testing for defensive withdrawal, alcohol preference, air-puff startle, and social discrimination tests occurred during adulthood [6].
• Results revealed that, when controlling for social desirability attitudes and the number of multicultural courses taken, racism and White racial identity attitudes in consort accounted for a significant amount of the variance in self-perceived multicultural counseling competence [7].
• Relationships between perceived stress, coping behavior and cortisol secretion in women with high and low levels of internalized racism [8].

High impact information on Prejudice

• Adult Oxtr(-/-) males also showed deficits in social discrimination and elevated aggressive behavior [9].
• Titration of Ednrb in the presence of half the genetic dose of Ret determines the presentation of an enteric phenotype in these strains, revealing or abrogating a sex bias in disease expression depending on the genotype at Ednrb [10].
• V1 vasopressin receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotide into septum reduces vasopressin binding, social discrimination abilities, and anxiety-related behavior in rats [11].
• Polymorphisms in the interferon-gamma/interleukin-26 gene region contribute to sex bias in susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis [12].
• Thus, p21 deficiency significantly enhances T cell activation and homeostatic proliferation, and can induce mild autoimmune manifestations at a low incidence without gender bias, but does not in itself generate the full spectrum of lupus-like disease [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of Prejudice

• Internalized racism is associated with glucose intolerance among Black Americans in the U.S. Virgin Islands [14].
• Carboplatin dosing formulae: gender bias and the use of creatinine-based methodologies [15].
• In a major decision handed down last term (International Union [UAW] versus Johnson Controls, Inc.), the Supreme Court ruled that employment practices excluding fertile or pregnant women from the workplace because of alleged concerns for fetal health constitute illegal sex discrimination [16].
• A social discrimination test was conducted while simultaneously measuring olfactory bulb norepinephrine output in the dialysate before, during, and after behavioral testing [17].
• After subcutaneous administration of 250 microg melatonin (substitution for pinealectomy) the social discrimination responses in Px rats after peptide application were influenced in a manner identical to that noted in SO animals [18].

Biological context of Prejudice

• While it is plausible that some sex-linked genes may contribute to the genetic predisposition for the disease, other likely culprits for this gender bias are the sex hormones estrogen and prolactin [19].

Anatomical context of Prejudice

• Internalized racism, body fat distribution, and abnormal fasting glucose among African-Caribbean women in Dominica, West Indies [20].

Gene context of Prejudice

• We speculated that mutations in the gene responsible for X-linked DC (DKC1) may account for the HH syndrome, due to the phenotypic similarities between the disease in respect of AA and gender bias [21].
• Viral vector-mediated gene transfer of the vole V1a vasopressin receptor in the rat septum: improved social discrimination and active social behaviour [22].
• Septal microdialysis administration of a selective V1a, but not oxytocin, receptor antagonist in both groups prevented discrimination even after an IEI of as short as 0.5 h, confirming the specificity of the vole V1a receptor involvement in social discrimination abilities [22].
• Insights into gender bias: rat cytochrome P450 3A9 [23].
• Gender bias in the diagnosis of COPD [24].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Prejudice

• In addition, a sandwich enzyme immunoassay for prostate-specific antigen (gamma-seminoprotein, gamma-sm) was developed for sex discrimination of blood and bloodstains [25].

References