Disease relevance of LOC286999

• Anosmin-1, defective in the X-linked form of Kallmann syndrome, promotes axonal branch formation from olfactory bulb output neurons [1].
• Toxicity, odor aversion, and "olfactory aposematism" [2].
• Here, a recombinant adenovirus was used to drive expression of a particular receptor gene in an increased number of sensory neurons in the rat olfactory epithelium [3].
• Consistently, the numbers of proliferating cells in the subependymal zone and neural precursor cells in the subgranular zone and olfactory bulb are reduced in postmortem brains of individuals with Parkinson disease [4].
• Adenocarcinomas of the olfactory epithelium occurred in all 15 rats, squamous papillomas o- the esophagus in 1, squamous papillomas of the nonglandular stomach in 1, and a hepatacellular tumor in 1 [5].

Psychiatry related information on LOC286999

• There is considerable evidence for the involvement of adenylate cyclase in vertebrate olfactory transduction, and some data indicate that phospholipase C may have a central role in insect olfaction [6].
• Vomeronasal and olfactory system modulation of maternal behavior in the rat [7].
• Role of mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in olfactory discrimination learning in rats [8].
• Although both vomeronasal nerve cuts and olfactory bulb cuts resulted in a more rapid onset of maternal care, relative to control animals with sham operations, animals sustaining the loss of both sources of olfactory input exhibited the shortest response latency [7].
• We examined neural activity in rat orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala during instrumental learning in an olfactory discrimination task [9].

High impact information on LOC286999

• Axons of VR2-expressing neurons converge onto numerous glomeruli in the accessory olfactory bulb [10].
• Mammals have retained two functionally and anatomically independent collections of olfactory neurons located in the main olfactory epithelium and in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) [11].
• In mammals, olfactory sensory perception is mediated by two anatomically and functionally distinct sensory organs: the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and the vomeronasal organ (VNO) [12].
• The detection of odorant receptor mRNAs within the axon terminals of sensory neurons has permitted us to ask whether neurons expressing a given receptor project their axons to common glomeruli within the olfactory bulb [13].
• In situ hybridization experiments with probes for 11 different odorant receptors demonstrate that sensory neurons expressing distinct receptors are topologically segregated into a small number of broad, yet circumscribed, zones within the olfactory epithelium [14].

Chemical compound and disease context of LOC286999

• Synapse-specific downregulation of NMDA receptors by early experience: a critical period for plasticity of sensory input to olfactory cortex [15].
• Adult rats intubated with a single dose of ethanol (alcohol; approximately 5 g/kg) for 5 to 10 successive days incur neurodegeneration in the entorhinal cortex, dentate gyrus, and olfactory bulbs accompanied by cerebrocortical edema and electrolyte (Na+, K+) accumulation [16].
• Non-neoplastic lesions in mice exposed to isoprene included spinal cord degeneration, testicular atrophy, degeneration of the olfactory epithelium, and epithelial hyperplasia of the forestomach [17].
• Nitrosobis(2-chloroethyl)amine was administered in oil by gavage at a dose lower than that of nitrosodiethylamine and produced a much weaker tumor response; 5 of 15 treated rats had forestomach papillomas, and 1 had olfactory adenocarcinoma and no other induced tumors [18].
• 3,4-Dichloro-N-nitrosopyrrolidine induced esophageal tumors in 13 of 14 animals, olfactory carcinomas in 4, and a hepatocellular tumor in 1 [19].

Biological context of LOC286999

• To address the problem of olfactory perception at a molecular level, we have cloned and characterized 18 different members of an extremely large multigene family that encodes seven transmembrane domain proteins whose expression is restricted to the olfactory epithelium [20].
• Odorant signal transduction occurs in the specialized cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons [21].
• Furthermore, AHPs grafted in the rostral migratory pathway migrated into the olfactory bulb, differentiating into tyrosine-hydroxylase-positive neurons, a non-hippocampus phenotype [22].
• Rapid kinetics of second messenger formation in olfactory transduction [6].
• Our finding suggests that a common receptor gene family encodes olfactory receptors and sperm cell receptors that could be involved in chemotaxis during fertilization [23].

Anatomical context of LOC286999

• The signal elicited by the interaction of odorous ligands with receptors on olfactory sensory neurons must be decoded by the brain to determine which of the numerous receptors have been activated [14].
• The complex mammalian olfactory system may therefore compartmentalize the epithelium into anatomically and functionally discrete units, such that each zone expresses only a subset of the entire receptor repertoire [14].
• 3H-substance P receptors are highly concentrated in the external layers of the olfactory bulb, medial amygdala, dentate gyrus, superior colliculus, dorsal parabrachial nucleus and locus coeruleus, with moderate densities being found in the nucleus accumbens, striatum, periaqueductal grey and subiculum [24].
• Transplantation approaches using cellular bridges, fetal central nervous system cells, fibroblasts expressing neurotrophin-3 (ref. 6), hybridoma cells expressing inhibitory protein-blocking antibodies, or olfactory nerves ensheathing glial cells transplanted into the acutely injured spinal cord have produced axonal regrowth or functional benefits [25].
• Some clones dispersed beyond the neocortex into the olfactory bulb [26].

Associations of LOC286999 with chemical compounds

• Our results indicate that mGluR2 in granule cells plays an important role in the persistent excitation of olfactory sensory transmission in the accessory olfactory bulb by relieving mitral cells from the GABA inhibition [27].
• Role of a metabotropic glutamate receptor in synaptic modulation in the accessory olfactory bulb [27].
• Here we report an odorant-induced, transient accumulation of cyclic AMP in isolated olfactory cilia from rats, and the generation of inositol trisphosphate in antennal preparations from insects, both of which show subsecond time courses that are sufficiently rapid to mediate the odorant-regulated permeability of olfactory receptor cells [6].
• Electrophysiological action of kainic acid and folates in the in vitro olfactory cortex slice [28].
• Nonlinear amplification by calcium-dependent chloride channels in olfactory receptor cells [29].

Physical interactions of LOC286999

• Identification, localization, and regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins and their messenger ribonucleic acids in the newborn rat olfactory bulb [30].
• Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 binds to cell surface proteoglycans in the rat brain olfactory bulb [31].
• The present study shows that testosterone treatment of aging rats restores normal adult levels of OT receptor binding in the olfactory tubercle and in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus, but not in the caudate-putamen [32].
• No significant age-related alterations in [125I]ovine CRF binding were observed in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, brainstem, and cerebellum; there was a trend for CRF binding to decrease in the striatum as a consequence of aging [33].
• These findings raised a possibility that a particular subset of olfactory receptors might be coupled with Golf and function in giant cell trophoblasts and spongiotrophoblast cells [34].

Co-localisations of LOC286999

• IRS-1 mRNA was colocalized with insulin receptor mRNA in neuron cell bodies of hippocampus and olfactory bulb [35].
• Immunoreactivities for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the dopamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were localized ultrastructurally and colocalized at the light microscopic level in neurons of the rat main olfactory bulb [36].

Regulatory relationships of LOC286999

• Areas which receive olfactory bulb afferents expressed comparatively high levels of both NGF and BDNF mRNA [37].
• Evidence suggests that HGF may also influence the nervous system, in that HGF stimulates the proliferation of myelin-forming Schwann cells and olfactory ensheathing cells [38].
• TGF-alpha and EGF have been shown to stimulate cell division in the olfactory epithelium in vitro and may regulate cell division in vivo [39].
• In contrast, Hes5 is expressed by a small subset of globose basal cells and by olfactory ensheathing glia in the normal mucosa; Hes5 label disappears from both transiently after lesion [40].
• SPR mRNA is widely distributed in both the nervous system and peripheral tissues and is expressed abundantly in the hypothalamus and olfactory bulb, as well as in the urinary bladder, salivary glands and small and large intestines [41].

Other interactions of LOC286999

• In situ hybridization revealed a high level of expression of PACAP receptor mRNA in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, olfactory bulb, and cerebellar cortex [42].
• IGFBP5 and IGF-I mRNAs are synchronously coexpressed in principal neurons of sensory relay systems, including the olfactory bulb, medial and dorsal lateral geniculate bodies, and ventral tier, cochlear, lemniscal, and vestibular nuclei [43].
• The expression pattern of mGluR4 mRNA is more restricted, and this expression is prominent in the cerebellum, olfactory bulb, and thalamus [44].
• Double-labeling with probes for mGluR1 and mGluR7 revealed that individual mitral/tufted neurons in the olfactory bulb expressed both mRNAs [45].
• NR3A expression peaks between postnatal days 7 and 10 in the cortex, midbrain, and hippocampus and reaches higher maximal expression levels in these areas than in the olfactory bulb and cerebellum [46].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of LOC286999

• In situ hybridization with five different receptor probes demonstrates that axons from neurons expressing a given receptor converge on one, or at most, a few glomeruli within the olfactory bulb [13].
• We report here the molecular cloning and expression of an olfactory-specific UGT [47].
• Radioautography of 1-micrometer sections revealed labeled cells in the granular layers of dentate gyrus and olfactory bulb; these were confirmed as neurons by electron microscopy of reembedded 1-micrometer sections [48].
• In rat olfactory bulb slices, dual whole cell recordings were made at or near the soma and from distal sites on the primary dendrite [49].
• Gamma-aminobutyrate acid, L-glutamate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate were separated by capillary electrophoresis and detected by the use of whole-cell and outside-out patch-clamp techniques on freshly dissociated rat olfactory interneurons [50].

References