Disease relevance of Sea Lions

• Treatment of purified San Miguel sea lion virions with dimethyl suberimidate, a cross-linking reagent, preserved virion integrity during long-term storage at 4 degrees C. Oligomeric species of the polypeptide were observed upon electrophoresis of products from cross-linked virions [1].
• Pathology of domoic acid toxicity in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) [2].

High impact information on Sea Lions

• This bloom was associated with production of domoic acid (DA), a neurotoxin that was also detected in planktivorous fish, including the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), and in sea lion body fluids [3].
• In 0.1% Triton X-100, sea lion isomaltase occurs as a monomer of Mr = 245,000 and is composed of a single polypeptide chain [4].
• In addition to cross-reacting immunologically with rabbit sucrase-isomaltase, sea lion isomaltase has similar overall enzymatic properties, with the exception of not hydrolyzing sucrose [4].
• Renin and aldosterone levels in dolphins and sea lions [5].
• Using SSP-PCR, significant differences were found between coastal California and Gulf of California Zalophus populations in numbers of DRB sequences per individual and configuration of sequences within individuals [6].

Biological context of Sea Lions

• Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II DRB genotypes were examined in two geographically isolated populations of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) (Gulf of California and California coastal Pacific Ocean) [6].
• Domoic acid (DA) is a potent food web transferred algal toxin that has caused dramatic mortality events involving sea birds and sea lions [7].
• Heart rate and plasma lactate responses during submerged swimming and trained diving in California sea lions, Zalophus californianus [8].

Anatomical context of Sea Lions

• The timing of the increase in the concentrations of circulating progesterone and oestradiol provides evidence that the blastocyst reactivates and implants between 3.5 and 5 months of pregnancy in Australian sea lions, indicating an embryonic diapause of similar duration to that of other pinnipeds [9].
• Techniques developed herein effectively detected physiologically relevant corticosterone data in Steller sea lion feces, unaffected by conditions likely to be encountered with field collection samples [10].
• 1. Hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase activities as well as fiber type composition were determined in skeletal muscles of the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), the sea otter (Enhydra lutris), and the Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) [11].

Associations of Sea Lions with chemical compounds

• This rise in lactate and our inability to train sea lions to dive or swim submerged for periods longer than 3 min lead us to conclude that an aerobic limit had been reached [8].
• Concentrations of TCPMe and TCPMOH in California sea lions were correlated significantly with DDT concentrations [12].
• 2,3,7,8-Substituted PCDDs and PCDFs in sea lion (Otaria flavescens) skin biopsies from two South-western Atlantic populations [13].
• We measured circulating levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in 12 healthy juvenile California sea lions captured on Año Nuevo Island, California, in 2002 [14].
• Nine free-ranging Galápagos sea lions were immobilised for marking, using a combination of ketamine (3 to 5 mg per kg) and xylazine (0.5 to 1.0 mg per kg) [15].

Gene context of Sea Lions

• Five of the fragments, one from each species, were classified in the subfamily of CYP1A1, and the other fragment cloned from steller sea lion was designated CYP1A2 [16].
• Bioreactive (B) gonadotrophin was found in these placentae and, compared to the human term placenta, the concentration of CG in the dolphin was higher, in the sea lion similar and in the grey seal lower [17].
• Molecular characterization of expressed DQA and DQB genes in the California sea lion ( Zalophus californianus) [18].
• Seals, like humans, possess gastric lipase; however, the milk lipids of seals and sea lions are almost devoid of the readily hydrolyzable medium-chain fatty acids, and are characterized by a large percentage (10-30%) of n-3 PUFA [19].
• Chorionic gonadotrophin activity in extracts of the term placenta of a dolphin, a sea lion and a grey seal was measured by its effectiveness in increasing uterine weight in the mouse and by solid-phase RIA using hCG as immunogen and labelled antigen [17].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Sea Lions

• In this study, degenerate primers and RACE technology were used to amplify near-full-length (MhcZaca- DQB) and full-length (MhcZaca- DQA) expressed class II MHC gene products from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of two California sea lions in rehabilitation [18].
• To explore this hypothesis, serum EPO concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay in 235 free-ranging Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), throughout their Alaskan range [20].
• Immobilization of California sea lions using medetomidine plus ketamine with and without isoflurane and reversal with atipamezole [21].

References