Disease relevance of Thinness

• Patients with medulloblastoma and ependymoma who relapsed were older at tumour diagnosis, underweight at the start of GH therapy, and entered puberty later than similar relapse-free patients [1].
• RESULTS: Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), both as absolute and percent predicted, differed significantly among the three groups, being lowest in the underweight and highest in the overweight patients [2].
• The authors report that the mean CSF oxytocin level of five underweight women with restricting anorexia, but not 12 underweight bulimic anorexic women or 35 normal-weight women with bulimia nervosa, was significantly lower than the level of 11 control subjects [3].
• CSF 5-HIAA concentrations in anorexia nervosa: reduced values in underweight subjects normalize after weight gain [4].
• Both GHBP and SD score-leptin significantly increased according to BMI within the range from 18-27 kg/m2, whereas no significant differences were found among underweight groups (BMI, < 18 kg/m2) or among obesity grades (BMI, > 27 kg/m2) [5].

High impact information on Thinness

• We conclude that in underweight anorexics, the pituitary responds appropriately to corticotropin-releasing hormone, being restrained in its response by the elevated levels of cortisol [6].
• Cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide Y concentrations were significantly elevated in underweight anorectic patients and in many of the anorectic patients studied at intervals after weight restoration [7].
• In contrast, underweight anorexics showed low CSF ACTH levels that returned to normal following weight recovery, and their plasma ACTH levels were normal [8].
• The CSF, plasma, and urinary free cortisol levels were elevated in underweight anorexic patients and showed declines following weight recovery [8].
• The CSF level of norepinephrine (NE) in underweight anorectics and in these patients a few weeks after weight restoration was similar to that in normal subjects [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Thinness

• Underweight anorectics have state-associated disturbances in dopamine and serotonin metabolism [9].
• Underweight anorectics had a 30% decrease in CSF homovanillic acid level and a 20% decrease in CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration; these values returned to normal shortly after weight recovery [9].
• After 12 daily injections, rats were severely underweight and fasting blood glucose levels were elevated [10].
• CONCLUSIONS: Overall, we found no effect of a moderate dose of vitamin A supplementation on the duration of uncomplicated pneumonia in underweight or normal-weight children aged <5 y [11].
• Underweight children excreted less GA and SA, but more SUA, than did normal-weight children [12].

Biological context of Thinness

• We conclude that the daily administration of 0.15 IU/kg rhGH during 3 wk increases lean body mass but does not improve muscle strength or exercise tolerance in underweight patients with COPD [13].
• We initially analyzed two single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the GHSR in up to 184 extremely obese children and adolescents and up to 184 healthy underweight students [14].
• The underweight patients had the lowest C-peptide and highest HbA(1c) while overweight patients had the highest C-peptide, blood pressure, triglyceride but lowest HbA(1c) levels [15].
• CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study assessing and describing total energy expenditure in underweight patients with severe COPD living at home [16].
• Body composition analysis by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and exercise performance in underweight patients with COPD [17].

Anatomical context of Thinness

• The underweight swine had a significantly lower leukocyte count, plasma protein level and blood glucose level, but a significantly higher plasma LDH level [18].
• Mononuclear leukocyte (MNL) beta 2-adrenergic receptors and their coupled adenylate cyclase system were studied in underweight anorectics (n = 12), weight-recovered anorectics (n = 8), bulimics (n = 8), and age- and sex-matched controls (n = 39) [19].
• In conclusion, a decrease in plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids in relation to hypermetabolism, possibly resulting from the severity of COPD and respiratory muscle weakness, and various disturbances in plasma amino-acid levels were found in underweight COPD patients [20].
• A significant decrease in CD2 (pan T-cells) and CD4 (T-helper) lymphocyte subpopulations, but unchanged CD8 (T-suppressor) subset, and a reduced response in delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity tests were observed in senile underweight anorectic patients [21].
• In the latter stages of the disease most DMD subjects become underweight because of an acceleration in skeletal muscle protein degradation relative to its synthesis [22].

Gene context of Thinness

• Additionally, the coding region of GHSR was systematically screened, and seven sequence variants were identified in 93 obese, 96 normal weight, and 94 underweight individuals and 43 children with short normal stature (SNS) [14].
• Peak hGH-V levels occurred at wk 36.5 +/- 2.6 and were significantly lower in obese (P = 0.029) and higher in underweight (P = 0.035) mothers compared with those in mothers of normal weight [23].
• Elderly underweight anorectic patients had significantly lower levels of beta-endorphin but increased concentrations of NPY in both plasma and CSF when compared to controls [24].
• CONCLUSION: IGF-1, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 clearly classify over- and underweight prepubertal children, showing a good correlation with BMI [25].
• Extended samples of these cohorts (160 obese children and adolescents; mean body mass index (BMI) 33.5 +/- 6.4 kg/m2, 128 underweight subjects; mean BMI 18.4 +/- 1.0 kg/m2 and 58 patients with AN; mean BMI 14.6 +/- 1.7 kg/m2) were screened to determine the frequencies of a detected mutation and a detected polymorphism in the NPY Y5 receptor gene [26].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Thinness

• CONCLUSIONS: Obese women had more than a 20% increased risk of having false-positive mammography results compared with underweight and normal weight women, although sensitivity was unchanged [27].
• This diet was also associated with a reduced risk in women without a family history of breast cancer (P = 0.05), who were underweight or normal weight [body mass index (in kg/m(2)) < 25; P = 0.02], or who had tumors positive for estrogen receptor (P = 0.01) or progesterone receptor (P = 0.003) [28].
• Cerebral glucose metabolism was studied in 20 underweight anorectic girls and in 10 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers using positron emission tomography with (18-F)-fluorodeoxy-glucose [29].
• To further characterize the physiology of these neurosteroids in AN, we measured plasma levels of cortisol, DHEA and allopregnanolone after the oral administration of 1 mg dexamethasone at 800h in six underweight AN women and ten age-matched healthy females [30].
• Forty days after 131-I, hypothyroid (H) rats showed irregular cycles with predominantly diestrous vaginal smears, atrophied and underweight ovaries, and decreased serum T3, T4, LH and estradiol (E2) [31].

References