Disease relevance of Overweight

• In these latter, overweight is associated with marked impairment of spontaneous and stimulated GH release, while acute dietary restriction and chronic undernutrition induce an amplification of spontaneous secretion together with a clear-cut decrease in insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) plasma levels [1].
• Comparison of weight reduction with metoprolol in treatment of hypertension in young overweight patients [2].
• The use of insulin in patients with NIDDM is controversial, especially in patients who are overweight, overeating, and minimally symptomatic [3].
• These findings suggest that weight control in overweight individuals may be a more effective strategy for prevention of NIDDM in men than in women, whereas prevention of obesity may prevent diabetes in both sexes [4].
• Insulin secretion and in vivo insulin action were quantified in nonobese and moderately obese patients (approximately 30% overweight) with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), matched for severity of diabetes [5].

Psychiatry related information on Overweight

• Women who developed dementia between ages 79 and 88 years were overweight, with a higher average BMI at age 70 years (27.7 vs 25.7; P =.007), 75 years (27.9 vs 25.0; P<.001), and 79 years (26.9 vs 25.1; P =.02) compared with nondemented women [6].
• OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to test whether carbohydrate dietary modifications improve insulin sensitivity and secretion and glucose tolerance in overweight or obese persons with the metabolic syndrome, even in the absence of weight loss [7].
• OBJECTIVE: To explore relationships of smoking and risk drinking status, nicotine and alcohol dependence, and anxiety, depressive, and somatoform disorders with overweight and obesity [8].
• Effects of switching from olanzapine to risperidone on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in overweight or obese patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: analysis of a multicenter, rater-blinded, open-label study [9].
• RESULTS: Obese and overweight girls had significantly lower physical appearance and athletic competence self-esteem than their normal weight peers [10].

High impact information on Overweight

• METHODS: We modified our randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of dexfenfluramine to include echocardiographic examinations of 1072 overweight patients within a median of one month after the discontinuation of treatment [11].
• We tested the hypothesis that exercise (walking or jogging) will increase HDL cholesterol levels in moderately overweight, sedentary people who adopt a hypocaloric NCEP diet [12].
• Here we show that 5-HT2C receptor-deficient mice are overweight as a result of abnormal control of feeding behaviour, establishing a role for this receptor in the serotonergic control of appetite [13].
• The inverse relation of exercise to risk of NIDDM was particularly pronounced among overweight men [14].
• Borderline hypertensive subjects had significant abnormalities in other coronary risk factors (cholesterol levels were 0.39 mmol/L higher, triglyceride levels were 0.45 mmol/L higher, high-density lipoprotein levels were 0.08 mmol/L lower, insulin levels were 38 pmol/L higher, and 16.5% more of them were overweight) [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Overweight

• The incidence of diabetes in 602 high-risk (previous transient gestational glucose intolerance) participants was significantly higher for overweight subjects (46.7%) than for those of normal weight (25.6%) [16].
• Estradiol was 25% greater for the overweight lean group (40 +/- 5 pg/ml) than the obese (30 +/- 3 pg/ml) and normal groups (29 +/- 2 pg/ml), P = 0.08, whereas total testosterone was significantly lower in the obese (499 +/- 33 ng/dl) compared with the normal and overweight, lean groups (759 +/- 98 and 797 +/- 82 ng/dl) [17].
• Among women who were both overweight and sedentary, a high glycemic load was associated with an RR of 2.67 (95% CI = 1.02 to 6.99; highest versus lowest quartile of intake; P for trend =.03), and high fructose was associated with an RR of 3.17 (95% CI = 1.13 to 8.91; P for trend =.04) [18].
• Within a behavioral self-management treatment program for overweight, 59 patients were randomly assigned to receive as an adjunct either dextroamphetamine sulfate, fenfluramine hydrochloride, or placebo in a double-blind procedure [19].
• METHODS AND RESULTS: We used Cox regression models to explore the effects of gemfibrozil among overweight subjects with additional coronary risk factors in this hypercholesterolemic male population of 2046 subjects randomized to gemfibrozil and 2035 to placebo [20].
• Adverse effects of overweight on blood pressure and cholesterol levels could account for about 45% of the increased risk of CHD [21].
• Overweight people with normal plasma lipids have normal glucose and insulin metabolism, low levels of inflammatory markers, and normal blood pressure [22].

Biological context of Overweight

• For the same degree of relative overweight, men had higher triglyceride, fasting glucose, and insulin levels; higher sums of glucose and insulin levels during an oral glucose tolerance test; and higher blood pressure [23].
• Abdominal fat and insulin resistance in normal and overweight women: Direct measurements reveal a strong relationship in subjects at both low and high risk of NIDDM [24].
• The adipocyte hormone leptin constitutes an important component of the regulation of energy homeostasis; leptin-deficient animals, such as obese mice, are strikingly overweight [25].
• The total enzymatic activity of creatine kinase, which also regulates energy metabolism in muscle, was shown to increase 30% in obese/overweight women only [26].
• SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In an outpatient setting, 64 overweight, postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to a low-fat, vegan diet or a control diet based on National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines, without energy intake limits, and were asked to maintain exercise unchanged [27].

Anatomical context of Overweight

• Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y reduces body fat mass in healthy overweight humans [28].
• Effect of family history of type 2 diabetes on the intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery in normal-weight, overweight, and obese glucose-tolerant young adults [29].
• Relationship between visceral fat and PAI-1 in overweight men and women before and after weight loss [30].
• The association of the CYP17 MspA1 polymorphism with an increased risk of gallbladder cancer, as well as biliary stones among overweight and diabetic individuals, suggests an interplay between genetic and hormonal risk factors in gallbladder disease [31].
• Lipoprotein lipase gene variation is associated with adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity, and lipoprotein lipid and glucose concentrations in overweight postmenopausal women [32].

Gene context of Overweight

• The APOA1/C3/A4 locus may account for approximately 8% of the difference between baseline and total possible risk of NIDDM in overweight individuals [33].
• METHODS: Serum VEGF concentrations were measured in 38 overweight or obese subjects [34].
• In overweight subjects, a decreased sensitivity to ACTH/MSH peptides may derive from alterations at the level of the melanocortin receptor or at subsequent steps in the processing of the body fat signal [35].
• Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, tissue-type plasminogen activator, and fibrinogen: Effect of dieting with or without exercise in overweight postmenopausal women [36].
• In 15 obese children, whose percentage of overweight declined during therapy, CETP levels decreased significantly [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Overweight

• The effect of gemfibrozil was largely confined to overweight subjects: among those with body mass index (BMI) > 26 kg/m2, the net difference in cardiac end points between gemfibrozil and placebo groups was 21 (25 of 1119 versus 46 of 1081), and in those with BMI < or = 26 kg/m2, it was 7 (31 of 927 versus 38 of 954) [20].
• Male sex, older age, higher dose of doxorubicin, radiotherapy, and being overweight were risk factors for the development of cardiomyopathy [38].
• Hypertension and overweight associated with hyperinsulinaemia and glucose tolerance: a longitudinal study of the Finnish and Dutch cohorts of the Seven Countries Study [39].
• Normotensive subjects (n = 17) with normal glucose tolerance, matched for age and degree of overweight, served as the control group [40].
• Data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1985-1988, were used to assess differences in weight-loss practices of overweight adults by sex and race [41].

References