Disease relevance of Dammarane

• We have shown that the ginsenosides Rh1 and Rh2, which are plant glycosides with a dammarane skeleton resembling a steroid skeleton as an aglycone, control the phenotypic expression of mouse B16 melanoma cells in different ways [1].
• In this study we show that panaxadiol, a ginseng saponin with a dammarane skeleton, induces apoptotic cell death by depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential in human hepatoma SK-HEP-1 cells [2].
• In human neuroblastoma SK-N-BE(2) cells undergoing apoptotic death induced by ginsenoside Rh2, a dammarane glycoside that was isolated from Panax ginseng C [3].

High impact information on Dammarane

• Phanoside is a dammarane-type saponin, and four stereoisomers differing in configurations at positions 21 and 23 were identified, each of which were found to stimulate insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islets [4].
• The present study reports a novel LXR-alpha activator, (20S)-2alpha, 3beta, 12beta, 24(S)-pentahydroxydammar-25-ene 20-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (TR1), a dammarane-type gynosaponin, isolated from the herbal medicine, Gynostemma pentaphyllum [5].
• Varieties of ginsenosides in adjuvant activity might be attributed to the varieties of molecular conformations determined by the side sugar chains attaching to their dammarane skeleton [6].
• It has been reported that ginsenoside Rh(2), a purified ginseng saponin with a dammarane skeleton, has anticarcinogenic effects on mammalian cells [7].
• Taraxastane, oleanane, ursane, lupane, taraxane, cycloartane, dammarane and tirucallane triterpenoids isolated from flowers of Compositae plants have been previously reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects and are variously competitive and non-competitive inhibitors of the serine proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin [8].

Biological context of Dammarane

• Apoptosis was induced by either staurosporine or ginsenoside Rh2, a ginseng saponin with a dammarane skeleton [9].
• These findings suggest a structure-activity relationship among dammarane-type sapogenins [10].
• New saponins from Vietnamese ginseng: highlights on biogenesis of dammarane triterpenoids [11].

Anatomical context of Dammarane

• Dammarane-type Saponins from Panax japonicus and their neurite outgrowth activity in SK-N-SH cells [12].
• New dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, jujubosides A1 and C and acetyljujuboside B1 were isolated from Zizyphi Spinosi Semen, the seeds of Zizyphus jujuba MILL. var. spinosa Hu, together-with three known saponins [13].
• Members of the cycloartane, lupane, ursane, oleanane, friedelane (especially quinone methides), dammarane, cucurbitacin, and limonoid triterpenoids, have demonstrated anti-proliferative activity on various cancer cell lines [14].

Associations of Dammarane with other chemical compounds

• A new dammarane saponin, gycomoside I, was isolated from the aerial part of Gynostemma compressum X.X. Chen et D.R.Liang [15].
• Cleogynol, a novel dammarane triterpenoid from Cleome gynandra [16].
• From the resins of Commiphora kua a novel bisabolene; 6-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-(5'-hydroxy-1'(R),5'-dimethylhex-3'-enyl)-phenol together with two new dammarane triterpenes, 3beta,16beta,20(S),25-tetrahydroxydammar-23-ene and 3beta-acetoxy-16beta,20(S),25-trihydroxydammar-23-ene, have been isolated [17].

Gene context of Dammarane

• We previously reported that ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3, dammarane glycosides, of Panax ginseng C [18].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Dammarane

• A homology-based PCR method was attempted to obtain the cDNA of this enzyme from the hairy root of Panax ginseng which produces oleanane saponins together with dammarane-type saponins [19].
• For instance, ginsenosides (e.g., 3) are therapeutic dammarane-type oligoglycosides isolated from the water-soluble portion of the dried roots and leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Aralianceae), a plant widely used in traditional Chinese medicine [20].
• We have demonstrated that ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2), a ginseng saponin with a dammarane skeleton, induces apoptosis of human hepatoma SK-HEP-1 cells as evidenced by analyses of DNA fragmentation, flow cytometry and changes in cell morphology [21].
• Guided by in vivo immunological tests, further study on this fraction afforded three active dammarane-type saponins [22].
• The novel dammarane triterpene sapogenin (C(31)H(56)O(4); molecular weight 492) was isolated from the total hydrolyzed saponins extracted from the leaves of Panax notoginseng using conventional and reverse-phase silica gel chromatography [10].

References