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Gene Review

RLS1  -  Restless legs syndrome, susceptibility to

Homo sapiens

 
 
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Disease relevance of RLS

 

Psychiatry related information on RLS

  • Twelve out of 13 patients had PLM during wakefulness, including three subjects not affected by RLS [6].
  • Some brain structures atrophic in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) belong to the rostral limbic system (RLS), that regulates context-dependent behaviors after evaluation of the motivational content of stimuli [7].
  • Ropinirole in the treatment of restless legs syndrome: results from the TREAT RLS 1 study, a 12 week, randomised, placebo controlled study in 10 European countries [8].
  • Effective treatments now exist for many sleep disorders, such as OSA and RLS, and a major breakthrough in the treatment of narcolepsy seems imminent [9].
  • In SF-36 domains of KDQOL-SF, bodily pain, general health perceptions, vitality, role functioning emotional, mental health and mental component score were significantly lower in the RLS group [5].
 

High impact information on RLS

  • Significant reductions were observed in k(3) estimates of frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and sensorimotor cerebral neocortices (P < 0.001, single-tailed t-test), and hippocampus (P = 0.012) in patients with AD as compared with controls when using RLS analysis [10].
  • Computer simulation studies showed that RLS analysis yielded k(3) with almost the same accuracy as the standard nonlinear least squares (NLS) analysis in brain regions with low (such as neocortex and hippocampus) and moderately high (thalamus) k(3) values [10].
  • All but one regions of the RLS (the periaqueductal gray) were atrophic in FTD [7].
  • PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Nine patients with first time diagnosis of PLMD without RLS were treated over a six-week period with 3 mg melatonin, taken between 10 and 11 p.m. INTERVENTIONS: N/A [11].
  • Very important may be genetic predisposition, which, by making the patient more sensitive to a particular causative agent, may facilitate the onset of RS and RLS [12].
 

Chemical compound and disease context of RLS

 

Biological context of RLS

  • Three loci for RLS on chromosomes 12q, 14q, and 9p (RLS-1, RLS-2, and RLS-3) have been reported with a recessive (RLS-1) and autosomal dominant (RLS-2, RLS-3) mode of inheritance, respectively [4].
  • Investigations in additional RLS families are required to confirm the known loci and further genome wide linkage analyses have the potential to identify additional RLS loci [4].
  • Three RLS and six ALB patients received intermittent mandatory ventilation or continous positive air pressure after operation [14].
  • RESULTS: Rescue with RLS induced only moderate heart rate changes which were significantly lower (about 30 bpm) than with conventional techniques [15].
  • DISCUSSION: RLS enables rescue in a supine position avoiding extensive orthostatic stress [15].
 

Anatomical context of RLS

  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood obtained from 22 untreated or scarcely treated patients with moderate to severe restless legs syndrome (RLS; mean age, 58.6 +/- 13 years) and 11 control subjects (mean age, 56.6 +/- 12.9 years) were investigated for biogenic amines between 6:00 and 8:00 PM [16].
  • The authors report their surgical techniques for bile duct division in RLS graft harvest [17].
  • The authors conclude that incompetence of the jugular vein valve can result in a false negative cTCD study for RLS detection [18].
 

Associations of RLS with chemical compounds

  • In this assay the percentage of relative light scattering (%RLS) caused by complexes in buffer containing polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) was measured with a laser nephelometer [19].
  • To investigate this issue, patients having a laparotomy for trauma randomly received either Ringer's lactate (RLS) alone or Ringer's lactate with albumin (ALB) [14].
  • Lisuride might be an efficacious treatment for RLS in general, and in combination with levodopa in advanced stage [20].
  • Regarding the use of dopaminergic agents, the dopamine agonist, pergolide, can be maintained during pregnancy for the treatment of PD, Segawa disease, and RLS [21].
  • Acute L-dopa/benserazide significantly (p < 0.001) and markedly (75%) decreased the target variable PLM/h of sleep as well as all other RLS/PLM variables, but failed to improve objective sleep efficiency and subjective sleep quality in comparison to placebo [22].
 

Other interactions of RLS

  • We postulate that the improvement in ADHD may be the result of the amelioration of RLS/PLMS and its associated sleep disturbance [13].
  • Six patients died (three RLS, there ALB) [14].
  • In RLS patients, forced deviations from alpha to theta or beta activity are unsuitable and resting EEGs reflect a dopamine receptor-specific 'individual sensitivity.' This vulnerability is alleviated after lisuride with suitable CEEG changes [23].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of RLS

  • The volume of asanguinous resuscitation fluid infused was 5.37 +/- 3.38 liters (-x +/- SD) for RLS and 5.87 +/- 3.05 liters for ALB [14].
  • In a healthy snoring control group (n = 102) a prevalence of PLM was found in 13.7% (17.8% in men; 3.4% in women), while RLS were only reported by 1.4% (men) and 6.9% (women) [3].
  • The results were based on correlation between various types of EEG variables and the RLS scores which were obtained in the same patients [24].
  • RESULTS: RLS is defined clinically and diagnosed by medical history while its frequent concomitant, periodic limb movements (PLM), must be diagnosed by polysomnography or movement recording [25].
  • In this retrospective study were included the patients of greater than or equal to 3 degree of the RLS/85 coma scale, the diagnostic being confirmed by CAT, angiography and/or autopsy, and simultaneously evaluated by the Glasgow coma scale [26].

References

  1. Use of fluorquinolones is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients. Erkens, J.A., Klungel, O.H., Herings, R.M., Stolk, R.P., Spoelstra, J.A., Grobbee, D.E., Leufkens, H.G. Eur. Heart J. (2002) [Pubmed]
  2. Clinical studies with ropinirole in Parkinson's disease and RLS. Jost, W.H., Angersbach, D., Rascol, O. J. Neurol. (2006) [Pubmed]
  3. Sleep disturbances associated with periodic leg movements in chronic sarcoidosis. Verbraecken, J., Hoitsma, E., van der Grinten, C.P., Cobben, N.A., Wouters, E.F., Drent, M. Sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and diffuse lung diseases : official journal of WASOG / World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders. (2004) [Pubmed]
  4. Evidence for further genetic locus heterogeneity and confirmation of RLS-1 in restless legs syndrome. Winkelmann, J., Lichtner, P., Pütz, B., Trenkwalder, C., Hauk, S., Meitinger, T., Strom, T., Muller-Myhsok, B. Mov. Disord. (2006) [Pubmed]
  5. Restless legs syndrome in hemodialysis patients: health-related quality of life and laboratory data analysis. Kawauchi, A., Inoue, Y., Hashimoto, T., Tachibana, N., Shirakawa, S., Mizutani, Y., Ono, T., Miki, T. Clin. Nephrol. (2006) [Pubmed]
  6. Periodic leg movements (PLM): their relationship to sleep stages. Pollmächer, T., Schulz, H. Sleep. (1993) [Pubmed]
  7. Frontotemporal dementia as a neural system disease. Boccardi, M., Sabattoli, F., Laakso, M.P., Testa, C., Rossi, R., Beltramello, A., Soininen, H., Frisoni, G.B. Neurobiol. Aging (2005) [Pubmed]
  8. Ropinirole in the treatment of restless legs syndrome: results from the TREAT RLS 1 study, a 12 week, randomised, placebo controlled study in 10 European countries. Trenkwalder, C., Garcia-Borreguero, D., Montagna, P., Lainey, E., de Weerd, A.W., Tidswell, P., Saletu-Zyhlarz, G., Telstad, W., Ferini-Strambi, L. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. (2004) [Pubmed]
  9. Sleep disorders. Olejniczak, P.W., Fisch, B.J. Med. Clin. North Am. (2003) [Pubmed]
  10. Kinetic analysis of [(11)C]MP4A using a high-radioactivity brain region that represents an integrated input function for measurement of cerebral acetylcholinesterase activity without arterial blood sampling. Nagatsuka Si, S., Fukushi, K., Shinotoh, H., Namba, H., Iyo, M., Tanaka, N., Aotsuka, A., Ota, T., Tanada, S., Irie, T. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. (2001) [Pubmed]
  11. Exogenous melatonin in periodic limb movement disorder: an open clinical trial and a hypothesis. Kunz, D., Bes, F. Sleep. (2001) [Pubmed]
  12. Reye's and Reye-like syndromes, drug-related diseases? (causative agents, etiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic approaches). Visentin, M., Salmona, M., Tacconi, M.T. Drug Metab. Rev. (1995) [Pubmed]
  13. Dopaminergic therapy in children with restless legs/periodic limb movements in sleep and ADHD. Dopaminergic Therapy Study Group. Walters, A.S., Mandelbaum, D.E., Lewin, D.S., Kugler, S., England, S.J., Miller, M. Pediatric neurology. (2000) [Pubmed]
  14. Crystalloid vs colloid in the etiology of pulmonary failure after trauma: a randomized trial in man. Lowe, R.J., Moss, G.S., Jilek, J., Levine, H.D. Surgery (1977) [Pubmed]
  15. Rescue lifting system (RLS) might help to prevent death after rescue from immersion in cold water. Rollnik, J.D., Witt, K., Hänert, W., Rix, W., Schwindt, M. International journal of sports medicine. (2001) [Pubmed]
  16. Normal dopaminergic and serotonergic metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and blood of restless legs syndrome patients. Stiasny-Kolster, K., Möller, J.C., Zschocke, J., Bandmann, O., Cassel, W., Oertel, W.H., Hoffmann, G.F. Mov. Disord. (2004) [Pubmed]
  17. Safe bile duct division in right lateral sector graft. Sugawara, Y., Matsui, Y., Noritomi, T., Kaneko, J., Makuuchi, M. Hepatogastroenterology (2005) [Pubmed]
  18. Importance of jugular valve incompetence in contrast transcranial Doppler ultrasonography for the diagnosis of patent foramen ovale. Topçuoglu, M.A., Buonanno, F.S. Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. (2003) [Pubmed]
  19. A simple light-scattering method for detecting soluble immune complexes in human serum. Koethe, S.M., Melton, H.E., Jendrzejczak, Z. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. (1980) [Pubmed]
  20. Lisuride treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome: first studies with monotherapy in de novo patients and in combination with levodopa in advanced disease. Benes, H., Deissler, A., Rodenbeck, A., Engfer, A., Kohnen, R. Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) (2006) [Pubmed]
  21. Movement disorders in pregnancy. Smith, M.S., Evatt, M.L. Neurologic clinics. (2004) [Pubmed]
  22. Acute double-blind, placebo-controlled sleep laboratory and clinical follow-up studies with a combination treatment of rr-L-dopa and sr-L-dopa in restless legs syndrome. Saletu, M., Anderer, P., Högl, B., Saletu-Zyhlarz, G., Kunz, A., Poewe, W., Saletu, B. Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) (2003) [Pubmed]
  23. The primary restless legs syndrome pathogenesis depends on the dysfunction of EEG alpha activity. Akpinar, S. Med. Hypotheses (2003) [Pubmed]
  24. Quantitative EEG analysis as a supplement to the clinical coma scale RLS85. Matousek, M., Takeuchi, E., Starmark, J.E., Stalhammar, D. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. (1996) [Pubmed]
  25. The clinical neurophysiology of the restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements. Part I: diagnosis, assessment, and characterization. Hening, W. Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. (2004) [Pubmed]
  26. Coma of vascular aetiology: evaluation and prognosis. Costa, B., Candido, J., Girbal, A., Afonso, L., Ribeiro, J., Gonçalves, V., Luis, V., Antunes, J. Neurol. Res. (1992) [Pubmed]
 
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