High impact information on AR

• This reduction could result from fetal growth restriction in male fetuses and/or from the lowered testosterone action; reduced immunoexpression of alpha-smooth muscle actin in peritubular cells and of androgen receptor in testes of treated animals supports the latter possibility [1].
• Endothelin type A receptor (the receptor that mediates vasoconstriction), mRNA (246%, p<0.05), and protein (176%, p<0.05) also were increased in lung tissue prepared from shunt lambs compared with age-matched controls [2].
• ERalpha and AR mRNA were expressed in all of the tissues tested and highest in the HPOA [3].
• The distribution of androgen receptor-containing cells in the hypothalamus has been described for the ram, but similar studies have not been performed in the ewe [4].
• At least part of the action of testosterone to suppress gonadotropin-releasing hormone/LH secretion is exerted via interaction with an androgen receptor [4].

Biological context of AR

• The preoptic area and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are important for reproductive behaviour and the sex differences in androgen receptor mRNA expression at these levels may relate to this [4].
• The expression of AMH, 3 beta-HSD and androgen receptor in the 100 and 130 day gestation fetuses was similar to that identified in the 70 day fetuses [5].
• Subcellular distribution and glycosylation pattern of androgen receptor from sheep omental adipose tissue [6].
• The effects of an endogenous LH pulse on the testicular concentration of testosterone, cytoplasmic androgen receptor content and androgen binding protein (ABP) content was studied in rams [7].
• For this reason, androgen receptor binding was studied after addition of triamcinolone acetonide to occupy apparent progestin binding sites [8].

Anatomical context of AR

• Dopaminergic cells elsewhere in the hypothalamus, including the infundibular nucleus, did not display AR immunoreactivity [9].
• These data confirm the presence of AR in subcellular fractions of adipose tissue and suggest that it exists in various glycosylated isoforms [6].
• Smaller numbers of AR-expressing cells were identified in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and anterior hypothalamic area (AHA) including the paraventricular, but not the supraoptic, nucleus [9].
• Expression of ERbeta, ERalpha and AR, as well as PR, was also observed in the surface epithelium and ovarian stroma of the fetal, neonatal and adult ovary [10].
• An androgen receptor (Rc) was demonstrated in caput, corpus and cauda epididymal cytosols of the ram [11].

Associations of AR with chemical compounds

• Double-labelling immunocytochemistry revealed the presence of AR immunoreactivity in only 2 of 460 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons [9].
• Two genes likely to mediate the testosterone effect are insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), an important growth regulator acting in an autocrine and paracrine way, and androgen receptor (AR), because receptor density could account for differential muscle growth [12].
• Androgen-binding proteins in sheep epididymis: characterization of a cytoplasmic androgen receptor in the ram epididymis [11].
• Saturation analysis on purified nuclei showed only the presence of the androgen receptor binding R-1881 with capacity similar to cytosol receptor [13].
• Immunocytochemical staining, however, revealed the maintenance of androgen receptor expression in Sertoli cells, pertibular cells and Leydig cells, and steroid activity as measured by 17 alpha-hydroxylase expression in Leydig cells [14].

Other interactions of AR

• The difference between the two muscles was significant for IGF-I and AR mRNA levels with higher levels in the splenius but not significant for myostatin [12].
• Oestrogen receptor alpha and beta, androgen receptor and progesterone receptor mRNA and protein localisation within the developing ovary and in small growing follicles of sheep [10].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of AR

• The AR was determined in each fraction by Western blot analyses [6].
• Androgen receptor mRNA expression was quantified in hypothalamic sections by in situ hybridization using an (35)S-labelled riboprobe and image analysis [4].

References