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Gene Review

APOB  -  apolipoprotein B

Bos taurus

Synonyms: APOB-100, ApoB(100)
 
 
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Disease relevance of APOB

  • Previous studies showing that the proximal cause of abetalipoproteinemia is an absence of MTP indicate that MTP function is required for the assembly of the apolipoprotein B (apoB) containing plasma lipoproteins, i.e., very low density lipoproteins and chylomicrons [1].
  • The hepatic concentration of apolipoprotein B was lower (approximately 25%) during wk 1, 2, and 4 after calving, a period of intense liver steatosis (44.2 to 95.7 mg of triglycerides/g of fresh tissue), than for nonsteatotic dry cows (pregnant or nonpregnant); hepatic concentrations were also lower than those during wk 12 [2].
  • Especially important is the reaction of LPDA with apolipoprotein B during oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL), which leads to its enhanced uptake by macrophages and, eventually, to atherogenesis [3].
  • DLH2 antigen did not colocalize either with apolipoprotein B. Furthermore, we found a massive accumulation of the antigenic material in Kupffer cells in the liver of rats treated with alcohol and carbonyl iron, a model of hepatic fibrosis due to oxidative stress [4].
  • Lipoprotein secretion by the human hepatoma cell line Hep G2: differential rates of accumulation of apolipoprotein B and lipoprotein lipids in tissue culture media in response to albumin, glucose and oleate [5].
 

High impact information on APOB

  • Finally, we demonstrate the function of a second "pause transfer" sequence over 200 amino acids downstream in apo B15 that restarts translocation posttranslationally, suggesting that multiple pause transfer sequences are involved in the biogenesis of apolipoprotein B [6].
  • Atherogenic potential correlated directly with the serum apolipoprotein-B-apolipoprotein A1 ratio, but not with the level of total cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, apo-B, or apo-A1 [7].
  • Biochemical and genetic studies show that abetalipoproteinemia is not a defect of lipid biosynthesis or of the apolipoprotein B gene [8].
  • Reconstituted apolipoprotein B from Cu-OxLDL also reduced 125I-ModOxLDL to LPL, whereas liposomes derived from the lipid extract of Cu-OxLDL had no effect on binding [9].
  • When the triglyceride concentration was adjusted for the triglyceride/apolipoprotein B ratio, the apparent Km was not different among very low density lipoprotein fractions [10].
 

Biological context of APOB

 

Anatomical context of APOB

  • To investigate the mechanism of control of intestinal apolipoprotein B (apoB) secretion, we studied the effects of fatty acids and calcium ionophores on the human intestinal model cell line Caco-2 [15].
  • Regulation of intestinal apolipoprotein B synthesis and secretion by Caco-2 cells. Lack of fatty acid effects and control by intracellular calcium ion [15].
  • An amino-terminal fragment of apolipoprotein B binds to lipoprotein lipase and may facilitate its binding to endothelial cells [16].
  • The aim of this study was to investigate the direct effects of growth hormone (GH) on production and secretion of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins from hepatocytes [17].
  • The objectives of this study were to separate plasma lipoprotein particles based on the presence (low-density lipoproteins; LDL) or absence of apolipoprotein B (high-density lipoproteins; HDL) and to compare the abilities of bovine LDL and HDL to stimulate progesterone production by bovine luteal cells in culture [18].
 

Associations of APOB with chemical compounds

  • Studies were conducted to explore the effects of oleate addition on the secretion of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins from Hep G2 cells [19].
  • As well, it has been shown that oxidation of LDL is accompanied by a decrease in free lysine groups and binding of lipid products to apolipoprotein B. The present studies were done to further characterize the receptor-binding domain on oxidized LDL [20].
  • Immunologic probes have been used to examine the conformation of apolipoprotein B (apo-B) as it exists within native low density lipoprotein (LDL) after lipid displacement with Triton X-100 and after denaturation with guanidine hydrochloride organic solvent delipidation and reconstitution with Triton X-100 [21].
  • Effects of atorvastatin on the intracellular stability and secretion of apolipoprotein B in HepG2 cells [22].
  • Demonstration of biphasic effects of docosahexaenoic acid on apolipoprotein B secretion in HepG2 cells [23].
 

Other interactions of APOB

 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of APOB

References

  1. An inhibitor of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibits apoB secretion from HepG2 cells. Jamil, H., Gordon, D.A., Eustice, D.C., Brooks, C.M., Dickson, J.K., Chen, Y., Ricci, B., Chu, C.H., Harrity, T.W., Ciosek, C.P., Biller, S.A., Gregg, R.E., Wetterau, J.R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1996) [Pubmed]
  2. Hepatic gene expression of apolipoprotein B100 during early lactation in underfed, high producing dairy cows. Gruffat, D., Durand, D., Chilliard, Y., Williams, P., Bauchart, D. J. Dairy Sci. (1997) [Pubmed]
  3. Aminoguanidine inhibits the modification of proteins by lipid peroxidation derived aldehydes: a possible antiatherogenic agent. Requena, J.R., Vidal, P., Cabezas-Cerrato, J. Diabetes Res. (1992) [Pubmed]
  4. Appearance of cross linked proteins in human atheroma and rat pre-fibrotic liver detected by a new monoclonal antibody. Itabe, H., Jimi, S., Kamimura, S., Suzuki, K., Uesugi, N., Imanaka, T., Shijo, H., Takano, T. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1998) [Pubmed]
  5. Lipoprotein secretion by the human hepatoma cell line Hep G2: differential rates of accumulation of apolipoprotein B and lipoprotein lipids in tissue culture media in response to albumin, glucose and oleate. Arrol, S., Mackness, M.I., Laing, I., Durrington, P.N. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1991) [Pubmed]
  6. Pause transfer: a topogenic sequence in apolipoprotein B mediates stopping and restarting of translocation. Chuck, S.L., Lingappa, V.R. Cell (1992) [Pubmed]
  7. Atherogenicity of blood serum from patients with coronary heart disease. Chazov, E.I., Tertov, V.V., Orekhov, A.N., Lyakishev, A.A., Perova, N.V., Kurdanov, K.A., Khashimov, K.A., Novikov, I.D., Smirnov, V.N. Lancet (1986) [Pubmed]
  8. Abetalipoproteinemia is caused by defects of the gene encoding the 97 kDa subunit of a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. Shoulders, C.C., Brett, D.J., Bayliss, J.D., Narcisi, T.M., Jarmuz, A., Grantham, T.T., Leoni, P.R., Bhattacharya, S., Pease, R.J., Cullen, P.M. Hum. Mol. Genet. (1993) [Pubmed]
  9. Oxidation of low density lipoproteins greatly enhances their association with lipoprotein lipase anchored to endothelial cell matrix. Auerbach, B.J., Bisgaier, C.L., Wölle, J., Saxena, U. J. Biol. Chem. (1996) [Pubmed]
  10. Kinetics of lipolysis of very low density lipoproteins by lipoprotein lipase. Importance of particle number and noncompetitive inhibition by particles with low triglyceride content. Connelly, P.W., Maguire, G.F., Vezina, C., Hegele, R.A., Kuksis, A. J. Biol. Chem. (1994) [Pubmed]
  11. Apolipoprotein B carbonyl formation is enhanced by lipid peroxidation during copper-mediated oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins. Yan, L.J., Lodge, J.K., Traber, M.G., Packer, L. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1997) [Pubmed]
  12. Developmental changes in apolipoprotein B gene expression in the liver of fetal calves. Gruffat, D., Piot, C., Durand, D., Bauchart, D. Biol. Neonate (1998) [Pubmed]
  13. Effects of milk diets containing beef tallow or coconut oil on the fatty acid metabolism of liver slices from preruminant calves. Graulet, B., Gruffat-Mouty, D., Durand, D., Bauchart, D. Br. J. Nutr. (2000) [Pubmed]
  14. Effects of substituting dietary soybean protein and oil for milk protein and fat in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Kurowska, E.M., Jordan, J., Spence, J.D., Wetmore, S., Piché, L.A., Radzikowski, M., Dandona, P., Carroll, K.K. Clinical and investigative medicine. Médecine clinique et experimentale. (1997) [Pubmed]
  15. Regulation of intestinal apolipoprotein B synthesis and secretion by Caco-2 cells. Lack of fatty acid effects and control by intracellular calcium ion. Hughes, T.E., Ordovas, J.M., Schaefer, E.J. J. Biol. Chem. (1988) [Pubmed]
  16. An amino-terminal fragment of apolipoprotein B binds to lipoprotein lipase and may facilitate its binding to endothelial cells. Sivaram, P., Choi, S.Y., Curtiss, L.K., Goldberg, I.J. J. Biol. Chem. (1994) [Pubmed]
  17. Direct effects of growth hormone on production and secretion of apolipoprotein B from rat hepatocytes. Lindén, D., Sjöberg, A., Asp, L., Carlsson, L., Oscarsson, J. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. (2000) [Pubmed]
  18. Progesterone production by cultured luteal cells in the presence of bovine low- and high-density lipoproteins purified by heparin affinity chromatography. Carroll, D.J., Grummer, R.R., Mao, F.C. J. Anim. Sci. (1992) [Pubmed]
  19. Oleate stimulates secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins from Hep G2 cells by inhibiting early intracellular degradation of apolipoprotein B. Dixon, J.L., Furukawa, S., Ginsberg, H.N. J. Biol. Chem. (1991) [Pubmed]
  20. Recognition of oxidized low density lipoprotein by the scavenger receptor of macrophages results from derivatization of apolipoprotein B by products of fatty acid peroxidation. Steinbrecher, U.P., Lougheed, M., Kwan, W.C., Dirks, M. J. Biol. Chem. (1989) [Pubmed]
  21. Immunologic comparison of the conformations of apolipoprotein B. Investigation of methodologies for the reconstitution of delipidated and denatured apolipoprotein B with nonionic surfactants. Kilgore, L.L., Patterson, B.W., Fisher, W.R. J. Biol. Chem. (1986) [Pubmed]
  22. Effects of atorvastatin on the intracellular stability and secretion of apolipoprotein B in HepG2 cells. Mohammadi, A., Macri, J., Newton, R., Romain, T., Dulay, D., Adeli, K. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (1998) [Pubmed]
  23. Demonstration of biphasic effects of docosahexaenoic acid on apolipoprotein B secretion in HepG2 cells. Wu, X., Shang, A., Jiang, H., Ginsberg, H.N. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (1997) [Pubmed]
  24. A simple, rapid, and sensitive fluorescence assay for microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. Athar, H., Iqbal, J., Jiang, X.C., Hussain, M.M. J. Lipid Res. (2004) [Pubmed]
  25. Synthesis and secretion of apolipoprotein E occur independently of synthesis and secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in HepG2 cells. Fazio, S., Yao, Z., McCarthy, B.J., Rall, S.C. J. Biol. Chem. (1992) [Pubmed]
  26. Plasma apolipoprotein secretion by human monocyte-derived macrophages. Wang-Iverson, P., Gibson, J.C., Brown, W.V. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1985) [Pubmed]
  27. Immunoquantification of total apolipoprotein B in serum by nephelometry: influence of lipase treatment and detergents. DaCol, P., Kostner, G.M. Clin. Chem. (1983) [Pubmed]
  28. Stimulation of luteal cell progesterone production by lipoproteins from cows fed control or fat-supplemented diets. Carroll, D.J., Grummer, R.R., Clayton, M.K. J. Dairy Sci. (1992) [Pubmed]
  29. Quantitative determination of apolipoprotein B in bovine serum by radial immunodiffusion. Marcos, E., Mazur, A., Cardot, P., Rayssiguier, Y. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., B (1989) [Pubmed]
  30. Degradation of apolipoprotein B of low density lipoprotein by cultured bovine smooth muscle cells. Accumulation of intermediates in the presence of protease inhibitors. Aulinskas, T.H., Coetzee, G.A., van der Westhuyzen, D.R. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1981) [Pubmed]
 
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