Disease relevance of Esterification

• Enzymatic methyl esterification of erythrocyte membrane proteins is impaired in chronic renal failure. Evidence for high levels of the natural inhibitor S-adenosylhomocysteine [1].
• The effects of end-stage liver disease and orthotopic liver transplantation on components that modulate cholesterol esterification in plasma were assessed [2].
• We have tested the hypothesis that, during Ehrlich ascites carcinoma growth, a defect develops, resulting in the inhibition of the esterification and incorporation of FFA into adipose tissue diglyceride and triglyceride fatty acids [3].
• Since no esterification of [3H]retinol occurred in vivo despite the presence of acyl coenzyme A:retinol acyl transferase activity, it is possible that a specific defect in the cellular uptake of retinol may exist in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary carcinomas [4].
• Finally, cholesterol in hepatoma plasma membranes was a far better substrate for in vitro esterification than was that in fibroblast plasma membranes, red blood cell ghosts, or liposomes [5].

Psychiatry related information on Esterification

• The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of alcohol consumption on the first two steps of the reverse cholesterol pathway: cellular cholesterol efflux and plasma cholesterol esterification [6].
• The esterification is influenced by the chloramphenicol/dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ratio, concentration of the reactants and reaction time [7].
• Increased concentrations of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and decreased esterification of arachidonic acid into phospholipids in platelets from patients with schizoaffective disorders or atypic phasic psychoses [8].
• Plasma lipids and cholesterol esterification in Alzheimer's disease [9].

High impact information on Esterification

• We also present the growing concept that an important signal for insulin secretion may reside at the linkage between glucose and lipid metabolism, specifically the generation of the regulatory molecule malonyl CoA that promotes fatty acid esterification and inhibits oxidation [10].
• The expression of LDL receptors was increased by 180 percent (P less than 0.005), whereas the activities of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (which governs bile acid synthesis) and of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol O-acyltransferase (which regulates cholesterol esterification) were unaffected by treatment [11].
• Inherited retinal dystrophy in RCS rats: a deficiency in vitamin A esterification in pigment epithelium [12].
• Sterol esterification in yeast: a two-gene process [13].
• We show that PapA5 protein directly transfers the protein bound mycocerosic acid analogs on phthiocerol to catalyze the final esterification step [14].

Chemical compound and disease context of Esterification

• Therefore, we postulate that enhancement of CoA-dependent cholesterol esterification in the intestine might be one of the major factors responsible for hypercholesterolemia in diabetes [15].
• The positions of esterification of the 4 to 5 acetyl residues in the acetylated methylmannose-containing polysaccharide from Streptomyces griseus have been established by the methyl replacement technique, wherein ester substituents are specifically replaced with methyl ether substituents [16].
• A novel methyltransferase catalyzes the methyl esterification of trans-aconitate in Escherichia coli [17].
• Introduction of the bchP gene from Rhodobacter sphaeroides encoding geranylgeranyl reductase into Rhodospirillum rubrum alters the esterification of the bacteriochlorophylls so that phytol is used instead of geranylgeraniol [18].
• After esterification of this compound to improve its cellular uptake, it inhibited MRP1-mediated efflux of calcein from 2008 ovarian carcinoma cells overexpressing MRP1 [19].

Biological context of Esterification

• Both hydrolysis and esterification of the sterol fractions in the aortic tissue and exchange of free cholesterol between the plasma lipoproteins and the tissue were demonstrated [20].
• These results demonstrate that activation of neutrophil Gi is associated with alpha-carboxyl methyl esterification of G gamma 2 and suggest that carboxyl methylation of G gamma may play a role in signal transduction [21].
• This cellular phenotype is identifiable cytologically by filipin staining and biochemically by measurement of low-density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol esterification [22].
• This enzyme complex catalyzes the reductive deamination of glycine, which is coupled to the esterification of orthophosphate resulting in the formation of ATP [23].
• The aspartate receptor involved in chemotaxis is modified by methyl esterification at four distinct glutamate residues during the adaptive response of this receptor [24].

Anatomical context of Esterification

• At both 4 and 60 d Fx-I stimulated cholesterol esterification and intracellular cholesterol content in macrophages more than the corresponding Fx-H did [25].
• Despite these unusual physicochemical characteristics, the apo A-I-containing particles and Lp(AII) were effective suppressors of intracellular cholesterol esterification in cholesterol-loaded human skin fibroblast [26].
• Metabolism of arachidonic acid in ionophore-stimulated neutrophils. Esterification of a hydroxylated metabolite into phospholipids [27].
• When plasma was diluted to the same concentration as in interstitial fluid, the percent cholesterol esterification rate was the same as undiluted plasma and significantly higher than that of interstitial fluid [28].
• In jejunum the rate of retinol esterification was: 3.44 +/- 2.24 nmol [3H]retinyl ester formed . mg microsomal protein-1 . min-1 (mean +/- SD, n = 12) [29].

Associations of Esterification with chemical compounds

• We observed a significant reduction in membrane protein methyl esterification in both groups, compared to control [1].
• The mechanism of the intestinal esterification of retinol has been obscure [29].
• The subjects in this group without symptoms of cardiovascular disease showed a normal direction of sterol transport, normal or raised rates of cholesteryl ester transfer between lipoproteins, and an increased rate of sterol esterification in plasma that decreased towards normal levels as plasma triglyceride levels decreased [30].
• With fibroblasts from normal subjects, purified apo A-I cleared cells of cholesteryl esters, depleted cellular free cholesterol pools available for esterification, and stimulated efflux of radiolabeled cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin [31].
• The reactivity of desmosterol and other shellfish- and xanthomatosis-associated sterols in the macrophage sterol esterification reaction [32].

Gene context of Esterification

• In human peripheral interstitial fluid, esterification of cholesterol by lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) was found to occur at a rate of only 10% of that in plasma (5.6 +/- 1.8 compared with 55.6 +/- 7.8 nmol/ml per h) [28].
• We also demonstrated that the esterification of the free cholesterol released from the cells by lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase in the serum was reduced in the HuAITg and AI knockout mice, whereas it was not different from background values in the two groups of mice expressing human CETP [33].
• In contrast to ACAT1 and similar to liver esterification, the activity of ARGP2 was relatively resistant to a histidine active site modifier [34].
• Esterification also was greater in drug-selected Dox 6 myeloma cells than parental 8226 cells, which express low and non-immunodetectable amounts of Pgp, respectively [35].
• ARGP2 is therefore a tissue-specific sterol esterification enzyme which we thus designated ACAT2 [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Esterification

• There was no correlation with standard liver function tests or with activity of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, the enzyme responsible for cholesterol esterification in plasma [36].
• The fraction containing the acids was analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after esterification with diazomethane; the neutral fraction was analyzed similarly [37].
• Lactate was determined with a highly sensitive method, based on esterification, subsequent separation, and quantitation with high-performance liquid chromatography [38].
• The most dramatic change was an increase in sterol esterification that was apparent as early as 90 min after angioplasty; the change persisted through day 5 but diminished toward baseline by day 14 [39].
• Plasma cholesterol esterification and transfer, the menopause, and hormone replacement therapy in women [40].

References