Disease relevance of Nephelometry and Turbidimetry

• Citrated blood from 8 patients with unstable angina, randomised to receive oral lefradafiban (the oral prodrug of fradafiban) or placebo, was studied before and during treatment using WBSPC, PRP turbidimetry, impedance aggregometry and Rapid Platelet Function Assay (RPFA, Accumetrics) [1].
• To gain more insight into the mechanisms of heating-induced irreversible macroscopic aggregation of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP), the effects of pH and ionic strength on this process were studied using turbidimetry, CD spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy [2].
• A total of 471 serum samples were obtained at defined intervals during these relapses and remissions and were analyzed for C3 and C4 levels by two different methods: nephelometry (N) and radial immunodiffusion (R) [3].
• Therefore serum IgG, C3, C4 and Factor B were quantitated weekly by rate nephelometry in 15 VLBW neonates who developed proven nosocomial bacterial or candidal sepsis (Group A) and 27 VLBW neonates who did not develop sepsis (Group B) [4].
• Halide-dependent cytolysis of B-16 melanoma cells mediated by myeloperoxidase and lactoperoxidase systems was observed by turbidimetry [5].

Psychiatry related information on Nephelometry and Turbidimetry

• CONCLUSION: CRP assay using laser nephelometry is a valuable adjunct in screening for neonatal sepsis, complementing clinical decision-making [6].

High impact information on Nephelometry and Turbidimetry

• Three responses were studied, the transient rise in cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) (derived from indo-1 fluorescence), shape changes (measured by laser turbidimetry), and exocytosis of eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) (assessed by H2O2/luminol-dependent chemiluminescence) [7].
• Crystallization-promoting activity of the concanavalin A-binding fraction (assessed by nephelometry and microscopic examination) was also significantly decreased by ursodeoxycholic acid [8].
• The effects of the proteins on precipitation of CaHPO4 were assessed by nephelometry and gravimetry [9].
• Simultaneous turbidimetry and platelet counting performed in PRP indicated that this is because GP IIb/IIIa antagonists are more potent inhibitors of in vitro macroaggregation than microaggregation, this effect being greater for eptifibatide in hirudinized PRP compared with GR144053 (P=0.032) [10].
• However, citrate can enhance the potency of at least eptifibatide (Integrilin), and turbidimetry is insensitive to microaggregate formation [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Nephelometry and Turbidimetry

• Storage of serum at 4 degrees C elevated the titre of rheumatoid factor (RF) as measured by nephelometry with IgG-coated latex in 12 of 38 specimens positive for hepatitis C virus [11].
• The precipitation of tobacco mosaic virus by sodium chondroitin sulfate in an aqueous solution was investigated kinetically by means of turbidimetry [12].
• Comparative antibacterial effects of amoxycillin, amoxycillin/clavulanic acid and cefotaxime against Enterobacteriaceae as determined by turbidimetry, morphology and viable count [13].
• Some nonspecific components (IgG, C3c, C4,) of circulating immune complexes (IC) precipitable by 3.5% PEG were assayed by laser nephelometry in the sera of 71 patients with solid tumours, and of 39 patients with autoimmune diseases [14].

Biological context of Nephelometry and Turbidimetry

• The albumin excretion rate was determined by nephelometry, and the glomerular filtration rate was measured by the plasma clearance of eidetic acid labeled with chromium-51 [15].
• In vitro effects of the GPIIb/IIIa antagonist fradafiban on ADP-induced platelet aggregation were determined using WBSPC and PRP turbidimetry, comparing citrate and hirudin anticoagulation [1].
• A combination of turbidimetry, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescence, electron microscopy, rapid sedimentation and wavelength dependence of scattered light have been used here to investigate these apparently biphasic kinetics of microtubule assembly [16].
• To examine the etiology of the fibronectin increase in preeclampsia, we quantified plasma fibronectin in nonpregnant women, pregnant women from 28 to 42 weeks' gestation, latent labor, and preeclampsia by both nephelometry and turbidimetry [17].
• Diagnostics included an alcoholism-related questionnaire, conventional laboratory markers (mean corpuscular volume, gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase), and CDT sampling (microanion-exchange chromatography, turbidimetry, and radioimmunoassay, respectively) [18].

Anatomical context of Nephelometry and Turbidimetry

• Plasma levels of VE, of cholesterol, and of API were measured using high performance liquid chromatography, spectrophotometry, and nephelometry, respectively, whereas reactive oxidant (ROS) generation by activated blood phagocytes was measured using a whole blood luciginen-enhanced chemiluminescence method [19].
• Ascitic fluid fibronectin concentration was measured in 111 specimens by laser nephelometry [20].
• The interaction of the aminothiol radioprotector cysteamine (beta-mercaptoethylamine) (CYST) with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) artificial membranes has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), turbidimetry and spin labeling [21].
• (1) Pyruvate kinase inhibits taxol-induced tubulin polymerization into microtubules as revealed by turbidimetry [22].
• MEASUREMENTS: Blood and plasma viscosity (Rotational viscometer CV100 HAAKE), erythrocyte deformability (whole-blood filtration time), fibrinogen (nephelometry), urinary excretion rates of albumin, IgG, transferrin and IgA (nephelometry) [23].

Associations of Nephelometry and Turbidimetry with chemical compounds

• BACKGROUND: Citrated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) turbidimetry is used for assessing pharmacodynamic effects of glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonists in clinical trials [10].
• METHODS AND RESULTS: Three GP IIb/IIIa antagonists, eptifibatide, MK-0852, and GR144053, were compared in PRP (turbidimetry) and whole blood (platelet counting with an Ultra-Flo 100 Platelet Counter), with ADP and collagen used as agonists [10].
• Since we hypothesize that the morphological changes of the few platelets that adhere to collagen might not be revealed by turbidimetry, the aim of this study was to assess platelet shape change using transmission electron microscopy, in the absence of the amplificatory feedback pathways of ADP and thromboxane A(2) [24].
• C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured by latex-enhanced nephelometry [25].
• These increases were found for particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 microm (PM2.5) and less than 10 microm (PM10), nephelometry, NO2, and SO2 [26].

Gene context of Nephelometry and Turbidimetry

• Clotting was induced by addition of tissue factor to recalcified plasma in the absence or presence of TM, and clot formation was monitored using turbidimetry [27].
• CRP was measured by nephelometry and IL-6 bioassay [28].
• MMP-2 and MMP-9 were also measured by a zymogram protease assay. alpha2 macroglobulin (AMG) was measured by nephelometry [29].
• C3, C4, factor B, C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, ceruloplasmin (Cp) and alpha(1)-antitrypsin (AAT) were assayed by a rate nephelometry [30].
• In this study, we developed an automated method for measuring SAA4 concentration in serum by kinetic nephelometry of anti-SAA4 antibody-coated latex agglutination [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Nephelometry and Turbidimetry

• By using protein G immobilized on Sepharose, we depleted the sera of IgG to a level undetectable by nephelometry and viral envelope-specific ELISA [32].
• Concentrations of plasma histamine, tryptase, urinary methylhistamine, specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) against ioxitalamate or ioxaglate, and the anaphylatoxins C3a and C4a were measured with radioimmunoassays; complement C3 and C4 levels were measured with nephelometry [33].
• Four immunochemical methods for measuring C-reactive protein (CRP) in plasma were compared: radial immunodiffusion (RID), electroimmunoassay (EIA), immunoturbidimetry (IT), and laser nephelometry (LN) [34].
• CRP and SAA were measured by nephelometry and IL-6 by immunoassay [35].
• Hemodialysis patients showed a similar pattern with close agreement between bromcresol green and nephelometry, but bromcresol purple gave lower albumin levels by 19.1 percent +/- 1.2 percent (P < 0.05) [36].

References