Disease relevance of Longitudinal Ligaments

• Mice with spontaneous mutations in the PC-1 gene have hypermineralization abnormalities that include osteoarthritis and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine [1].
• Accordingly, retaining exon 7 together with removal of exon 6 observed in intron 6 (-4A) could play a protective role in the ectopic ossification process because the same pattern was observed in undifferentiated Ob cells and nonossified posterior longitudinal ligament cells [2].
• Reportedly, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) usually involves the cervical spine and often accompanies other ligamentous ossification such as diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) [3].
• OPLL (ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine) is a common form of human myelopathy with a prevalence of as much as 4% in a variety of ethnic groups [4].
• In addition, an IVS6-4 a>t polymorphism in COL11A2 has been found in connection with stenosis caused by ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the Japanese population [5].

Psychiatry related information on Longitudinal Ligaments

• Dietary habits and risk of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligaments of the spine (OPLL); findings from a case-control study in Japan [6].

High impact information on Longitudinal Ligaments

• Mutation in Npps in a mouse model of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine [7].
• Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine (OPLL) is recognized as a common disorder among Japanese and throughout Asia. Estimates of its prevalence are in the range of 1 [8].
• In addition, Msx2 was downregulated in a symptom- and calcification-dependent manner at the affected region in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament [9].
• Bone morphogenetic protein receptors and activin receptors are highly expressed in ossified ligament tissues of patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament [10].
• Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in ankylosing spondylitis [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Longitudinal Ligaments

• We describe a 52-year-old man who presented with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, and abnormal levels of retinol and retinol binding protein (RBP) [12].
• A 74-year-old man suffered an extensive right hemispheric infarct 72 hours after undergoing anterior corpectomies of the C4 and C5 vertebrae for cervical myelopathy resulting from ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament [13].
• Cervical laminoplasty with dome-like laminoplasty of the axis was performed on a patient with cervical myelopathy due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament extending from C2 to C6 [14].
• An MRI revealed cervical myelopathy due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament from C3/C4 to C5/C6 [15].
• We investigated the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus on ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) in the murine cervical spine [16].

Biological context of Longitudinal Ligaments

• This study was performed to evaluate the correlation between serum biochemical marker levels of bone metabolism and bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligaments (OPLL) [17].
• Urodynamic studies and neurological examinations were performed on 128 patients with cervical myelopathies including 82 with spondylitic myelopathy and 46 with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), investigating the location of the paths subserving micturition in the spinal cord [18].
• Among Japanese, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine (OPLL) is a leading cause of myelopathy, showing ectopic bone formation in the paravertebral ligament [19].
• The gene frequencies of COL11A2 obtained with BamHl (10.0 kb fragment) and HindIII (19.0 kb fragment) observed in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament were higher compared with control subjects (0.43 and 0.14, respectively) [20].
• STUDY DESIGN: The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes in families of patients with known ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) were reviewed [21].

Anatomical context of Longitudinal Ligaments

• Effects of bone-seeking hormones on DNA synthesis, cyclic AMP level, and alkaline phosphatase activity in cultured cells from human posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine [22].
• OBJECTIVE: Patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) sometimes present with acute spinal cord injury caused by only minor trauma [23].
• In the spinal ligaments of Zucker fatty rats, bone morphogenetic protein receptors and activin receptors were immunohistochemically detected around the ossified foci in a manner similar to that previously shown for the ossified tissue from patients who had ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament [24].
• Regional differences of the distribution and the origin of the nerve fibres of the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) and the intervertebral disc (IVD) were investigated by acetylcholinesterase (AchE) enzyme histochemistry in the rat [25].
• In this model, tunnels were created in vertebrae L1 and C5 oriented anterior-to-posterior, allowing access to the posterior longitudinal ligament [26].

Associations of Longitudinal Ligaments with chemical compounds

• Radiographs of the cervical spine showed calcification and ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament of the spine from the C3 to the C7 level, erosive destruction of the lateral masses of the atlas and axis, and anterior atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS) [27].
• BACKGROUND: Glucose intolerance is frequently found in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine [28].
• In this study, the calcification process of the posterior longitudinal ligament suggests that matrix vesicles originate from degenerated cells, and acquire hydroxyapatite crystal deposits [29].
• Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerve fibres in rat posterior longitudinal ligament [30].
• Computed tomograph myelogram revealed a soft tissue shadow, maximum 3.8 mm in diameter, on the dorsal side of the ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament at C5 and C6 [31].

Gene context of Longitudinal Ligaments

• Association of the human NPPS gene with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine (OPLL) [4].
• Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in three geographically and genetically different populations of ankylosing spondylitis and other spondyloarthropathies [32].
• Uniaxial cyclic stretch induces osteogenic differentiation and synthesis of bone morphogenetic proteins of spinal ligament cells derived from patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligaments [33].
• Bone morphogenetic protein-2 stimulates differentiation of cultured spinal ligament cells from patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament [34].
• Uni-axial cyclic stretch induces Cbfa1 expression in spinal ligament cells derived from patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Longitudinal Ligaments

• Histopathologic studies of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and the animal model, the spinal hyperostotic mouse, have revealed an increase in Type XI collagen and bone morphogenetic protein-2 expression [20].
• Laminectomy was performed on 14 patients with cervical radiculomyelopathy and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) [36].
• Radial bone mineral density (BMD) in the distal one sixth and distal one third of the left radius was measured by single-photon absorptiometry (SPA) in patients with ossification of the cervical posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) [37].
• The biomechanical properties of a porous hydroxyapatite (HA) intervertebral graft with or without anterior cervical plating were evaluated in cadaveric porcine cervical spine model using C3-4 discectomy and dissection of the posterior longitudinal ligament to cause instability [38].
• The results of surgical management of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) of the cervical spine consisting of either anterior or posterior surgical decompression of the spinal cord and/or nerve roots were evaluated in 75 patients [39].

References