Disease relevance of Bone Density

• CONCLUSIONS: In children with severe osteogenesis imperfecta, cyclic administration of intravenous pamidronate improved clinical outcomes, reduced bone resorption, and increased bone density [1].
• Effect of oral alendronate on bone mineral density and the incidence of fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. The Alendronate Phase III Osteoporosis Treatment Study Group [2].
• OBJECTIVE--To describe the association of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) with bone mineral density (BMD) [3].
• Oral clodronate and reduction in loss of bone mineral density in women with operable primary breast cancer [4].
• However, in men with decreased bone mineral density, the daily hydrocortisone dose per kilogram of body weight (0.43 +/- 0.08 mg/kg; mean +/- SD) was significantly (P = 0.032) higher than in men with normal bone mineral density (0.35 +/- 0.10 mg/kg) [5].

Psychiatry related information on Bone Density

• After excluding women who began taking estrogen after a fracture, we investigated whether postmenopausal estrogen therapy affected bone density; in these analyses we adjusted for age, weight, height, cigarette smoking, physical activity, and age at menopause [6].
• Effects of risedronate on bone density in anorexia nervosa [7].
• Although reduced gonadal steroid hormone concentrations appear to play a major role in lower trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) in women with athletic amenorrhea, dietary deficiencies and eating behaviors may also affect BMD in women runners [8].
• Keywords used were major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, bone density, bone metabolism, hyperprolactinemia, typical antipsychotics, and atypical antipsychotics [9].
• Daily intermittent PTH treatment for postmenopausal women results in a dramatic increase in bone mineral density (BMD) (i.e., 10-15% improvement in spine BMD) and a significant decline (i.e., a risk reduction of nearly 2/3) in the occurrence of fragility fractures [10].

High impact information on Bone Density

• In general, the AIs are tolerated at least as well as tamoxifen but decrease bone mineral density and increase osteoporosis due to their lack of estrogenic effects on bone [11].
• We demonstrate the utility of this approach by identifying 5-lipoxygenase as underlying previously identified quantitative trait loci in an F(2) cross between strains C57BL/6J and DBA/2J and showing that it has pleiotropic effects on body fat, lipid levels and bone density [12].
• Bone morphogenetic protein-3 is a negative regulator of bone density [13].
• As compared with placebo, the 20-microg and 40-microg doses of parathyroid hormone increased bone mineral density by 9 and 13 more percentage points in the lumbar spine and by 3 and 6 more percentage points in the femoral neck; the 40-microg dose decreased bone mineral density at the shaft of the radius by 2 more percentage points [14].
• In contrast, the mean bone mineral density did not change significantly at any skeletal site in men treated with both leuprolide and pamidronate [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Bone Density

• CONTEXT: Age-associated hypogonadism (testosterone deficit) occurs in 30% of men after the age of 55; it is associated with decreased muscle mass, bone mineral density, and libido, and with anorexia, fatigue, and irritability [16].
• RESULTS: Compared with warfarin nonusers (n = 6052), warfarin users (n = 149) more frequently had poor health, involuntary weight loss, nonthiazide diuretic use, and frailty but had similar bone mineral density at the hip (difference, 1.6% [95% CI, -0.7% to 4.1%]) and heel (difference, 2.1% [CI, -1.6% to 5.6%]) [17].
• In a study of 56 alcoholics with liver cirrhosis, 18 (32%) had decreased bone density and low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) (less than 20 ng per ml) [18].
• PURPOSE: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists decrease bone mineral density, a surrogate for fracture risk, in men with prostate cancer [19].
• We evaluated baseline vitamin D (vitamin D2 and D3), 25-OH vitamin D2 and D3, 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D, vitamin D-binding protein, bone mineral content and dietary mineral content in six children (mean age: 12.1 years) with cholestasis since infancy [20].

Biological context of Bone Density

• However, the molecular basis for the actions of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 in bone formation, its role during development and VDR genetic polymorphisms for predicting bone mineral density are uncertain [21].
• For long-term preservation of bone mineral density, women should take estrogen for at least seven years after menopause [6].
• Reduced bone density and osteoporosis associated with a polymorphic Sp1 binding site in the collagen type I alpha 1 gene [22].
• CONCLUSIONS: Calcium supplementation does not prevent bone loss during lactation and only slightly enhances the gain in bone density after weaning [23].
• OBJECTIVE: To assess bone mineral density and body composition in postmenopausal women with primary hyperparathyroidism [24].

Anatomical context of Bone Density

• The bone density of the trochanter and total body also increased significantly in the patients treated with alendronate [25].
• In clinical studies, DHEA has been found to increase bone mineral density and to stimulate vaginal maturation without affecting the endometrium, while improving well-being and libido with no significant side effects [26].
• After oral administration of raloxifene for 5 wk (0.1-10 mg/kg per d) to OVX rats, bone mineral density in the distal femur and proximal tibia was significantly greater than that observed in OVX controls (ED50 of 0.03-0.3 mg/kg) [27].
• Detailed measurements of the dimensions of unfractured vertebrae and the moment arm of spinal musculature from T12 to L4 were calculated from computed tomography images in the 32 pairs of women matched for race, age, height, weight, and bone density [28].
• Impaired osteoblast formation was temporally associated with decreased bone formation and decreased bone mineral density, as determined by histomorphometric analysis of tetracycline-labeled cancellous bone and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, respectively [29].

Associations of Bone Density with chemical compounds

• Effect of estrogen therapy on bone density in elderly women [30].
• CONCLUSIONS: Alendronate increases bone density in patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy [25].
• We conclude that long-term steroid therapy in asthmatic patients is associated with decreased trabecular bone density and an increased prevalence of rib and vertebral fractures [31].
• For example, at 24 months, the mean (+/-SE) difference in the change in bone mineral density between the women receiving 60 mg of raloxifene per day and those receiving placebo was 2.4+/-0.4 percent for the lumbar spine, 2.4+/-0.4 percent for the total hip, and 2.0+/-0.4 percent for the total body (P<0.001 for all comparisons) [32].
• We conclude that fluoride therapy increases cancellous but decreases cortical bone mineral density and increases skeletal fragility [33].

Gene context of Bone Density

• Elevated parathyroid hormone-related peptide associated with lactation and bone density loss [34].
• These results indicate that, despite the different diagnoses that can be made, conditions with an increased bone density affecting mainly the cortices of the long bones and the skull are often caused by mutations in the LRP5 gene [35].
• We studied whether the sclerosteosis/van Buchem disease gene (SOST) is an osteoporosis-risk gene by examining its association with bone-mineral density (BMD) [36].
• We have identified a fifth TRAIL receptor, namely osteoprotegerin (OPG), a secreted tumor necrosis factor receptor homologue that inhibits osteoclastogenesis and increases bone density in vivo [37].
• OG2 Phex transgenic Hyp mice did exhibit a small, but significant, increase in bone mineral density and dry ashed weight, suggesting a partial mineralization effect from restoration of Phex function in mature osteoblasts [38].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Bone Density

• CONCLUSIONS: In patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, parathyroidectomy results in the normalization of biochemical values and increased bone mineral density [39].
• The effects of raloxifene, alendronate, risedronate, and salmon calcitonin on increasing bone mineral density (BMD) and decreasing fracture risk have been shown in randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis [40].
• Protection against osteoporotic fractures is supported by a meta-analysis of 22 estrogen trials, cohort studies, results of the WHI, and trials with bone density outcomes [41].
• Ovariectomy caused a rapid increase in bone turnover and a marked decrease in bone density which were blocked by treatment with 17 beta estradiol [42].
• Effect of hormone replacement therapy on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with mild primary hyperparathyroidism. A randomized, controlled trial [43].

References