Disease relevance of Intervertebral Disk

• INTERPRETATION: Our finding of isolated nerve fibres that express substance P deep within diseased intervertebral discs and their association with pain suggests an important role for nerve growth into the intervertebral disc in the pathogenesis of chronic low back pain [1].
• In Mfh1/Pax1 double mutants, dorsomedial structures of the vertebrae are missing, resulting in extreme spina bifida accompanied by subcutaneous myelomeningocoele, and the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs are missing [2].
• Genetic variations in IL6 associate with intervertebral disc disease characterized by sciatica [3].
• Amyloid in intervertebral discs: a histopathological investigation of surgical material from 100 consecutive operations on herniated discs [4].
• Adenovirus efficiently transferred the GDF-5 gene or the TGF-beta(1) gene to rabbit and human intervertebral disc cells [5].

High impact information on Intervertebral Disk

• CILP was expressed abundantly in intervertebral discs, and its expression increased as disc degeneration progressed [6].
• An allele of COL9A2 associated with intervertebral disc disease [7].
• Immunolocalization of CML in skin, lung, heart, kidney, intestine, intervertebral discs, and particularly in arteries provided evidence for an age-dependent increase in CML accumulation in distinct locations, and acceleration of this process in diabetes [8].
• Very little is known about the turnover of extracellular matrix in the human intervertebral disc [9].
• Immunofluorescence double labeling in frozen sections of embryonic rat shows that NG2 and type VI collagen are colocalized in structures such as the intervertebral discs and arteries of the spinal column [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Intervertebral Disk

• The results of postoperative epidural administration of saline solution (a placebo), morphine, methylprednisolone, and a combination of morphine and methylprednisolone for the reduction of pain after an operation for spinal stenosis or a herniated intervertebral disc were compared in a prospective, randomized blinded study [11].
• METHODS: A 64-year-old man with ankylosing spondylitis had a halo vest placed for management of a fracture dislocation through the C5-C6 intervertebral disc space associated with left C6 radiculopathy [12].
• Nitric oxide is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of radiculopathy attributable to herniated intervertebral disc, but its effect on ectopic firing, which is the main source of sciatica, has not been investigated [13].
• Sequential levels of ceftriaxone in intervertebral disc removed as part of scoliosis surgery [14].
• A rabbit model was used to test the efficacy of two commonly used prophylactic antibiotics, cefazolin and vancomycin, in preventing iatrogenically introduced Staphylococcus aureus intervertebral disc infections [15].

Biological context of Intervertebral Disk

• Genetic polymorphisms that encode a tryptophan (Trp) residue in the triple-helical domain of the alpha2 (Trp2) or alpha3 chain (Trp3) of human type IX collagen have been linked to risk of degenerative intervertebral disc disease [16].
• Hypertrophy of abnormally proliferated chondrocyte-like cells, which are different from fibrocartilaginous cells of the annulus fibrosus, was observed in the intervertebral disks of the twy mouse at 3 weeks of age, and MGP gene expression was noted at the same time [17].
• We also found that apoptosis of intervertebral disc cells can be attenuated by caspase inhibitors [18].
• The effect of tissue porosity on ion (sodium, potassium, and chloride) diffusivity in agarose gels and porcine intervertebral disc tissues was investigated using an electrical conductivity method [19].
• Substance P in intervertebral discs. Binding sites on vascular endothelium of the human annulus fibrosus [20].

Anatomical context of Intervertebral Disk

• By measuring the d/l(Asp) ratio of the various aggrecan species as a function of age and using the values of the racemization constant, k(i), found earlier for aggrecan in articular cartilage, we were able to establish directly the relative residence time of these molecules in human intervertebral disc matrix [21].
• Accumulation of mononuclear cells was observed in spinal ligaments adjacent to the intervertebral disc, in the intervertebral disc, and in the sacroiliac joints, the same sites where versican is localized [22].
• Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we detected both the V0 and V1 isoforms in the cerebral cortex, aorta, intervertebral disc, liver, myometrium, and prostate, whereas keratinocytes exclusively expressed versican V1 [23].
• In the developing embryo Plu-1 is expressed in a temporally restricted fashion with tissue specific expression being limited to parts of the developing brain, whisker follicle, mammary bud, thymus, limbs, intervertebral disc, olfactory epithelium, teeth, eye, and stomach [24].
• The effect on human herniated intervertebral disc phospholipase A2 (HD-PLA2) of a number of retinoids, antirheumatic drugs and reported PLA2 inhibitors was evaluated using autoclaved [1-14C]-oleate-labeled Escherichia coli membranes as the substrate [25].

Associations of Intervertebral Disk with chemical compounds

• Aggrecan turnover in human intervertebral disc as determined by the racemization of aspartic Acid [21].
• Recently it has been found that there is a relationship between neovascularization and innervation of the usually avascular and aneural intervertebral disc at the sites of discogenic pain [26].
• The serine proteinase inhibitory proteins of the chondrodystrophoid (beagle) and non-chondrodystrophoid (greyhound) canine intervertebral disc [27].
• In vivo detection of intervertebral disk injury using a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody against keratan sulfate [28].
• Like proteoglycans of cartilage, those of intervertebral disc contain keratan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate attached to a protein core; they are able to aggregate to hyaluronic acid; the protein core likewise has three regions, one lacking glycosaminoglycans, another rich in keratan sulphate and a third region rich in chondroitin sulphate [29].

Gene context of Intervertebral Disk

• Human intervertebral disc cells from the annulus: three-dimensional culture in agarose or alginate and responsiveness to TGF-beta1 [30].
• We conclude that VEGF induction, under the co-culture conditions tested can result in neo-vascularization of intervertebral disc tissue and may thus play a role in the resorption of HD [31].
• CD24 is expressed specifically in the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs [32].
• CONCLUSIONS: The appearance of glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunopositive cells in diseased intervertebral discs was closely associated with nerve ingrowth [33].
• METHODS: Serial sections of human intervertebral discs were immunostained for the neuronal markers (neurofilament 200, peripherin, protein gene product 9.5), for the Schwann cell marker (glial fibrillary acidic protein), and for the endothelial cell marker (CD34) [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Intervertebral Disk

• Peptido-keratan sulphate fragments were isolated from the nucleus pulposus of bovine intervertebral discs (6-year-old animals) after chondroitin ABC lyase digestion followed by digestion of A1D1 proteoglycans by diphenylcarbamoyl chloride-treated trypsin and gel-permeation chromatography on Sepharose CL-6B [34].
• Affinity chromatography of serine proteinases from the bovine intervertebral disc on BPTI-Separon HEMA 1000 [35].
• Laser scanning confocal microscopy was used to characterize three-dimensional morphology of intervertebral disc cells, micromechanical deformation and interaction with extracellular matrix, and functional intercellular communication [36].
• Immunohistochemistry was used to study the presence and distribution of the core proteins of the small proteoglycans decorin and biglycan in the various compartments of human intervertebral discs [37].
• Enhancement of intervertebral disks with gadolinium complexes: comparison of an ionic and a nonionic medium in an animal model [38].

References