Disease relevance of Ethnic Groups

• OBJECTIVE: To investigate several loci spanning 3 candidate regions for a role in multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility in 2 ethnic groups using both single-locus and haplotype analyses [1].
• It is also the most frequent abnormal hemoglobin in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. A large survey of hemoglobinopathy, including 142,171 people and 21 national/ethnic groups, was carried out in Xinjiang and indicated Hb D-Punjab accounted for 55.6% of the total hemoglobin variants there [2].
• Mutations of the tyrosinase gene in patients with oculocutaneous albinism from various ethnic groups in Israel [3].
• Phenylketonuria (PKU), a disorder of amino acid metabolism prevalent among Caucasians and other ethnic groups, is caused primarily by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) [4].
• A synonymous SNP of the corneodesmosin gene leads to increased mRNA stability and demonstrates association with psoriasis across diverse ethnic groups [5].

Psychiatry related information on Ethnic Groups

• DESIGN--Through reanalysis of data from the 1988 National Household Survey of Drug Abuse (NHSDA), we compared racial/ethnic group differences in crack cocaine smoking [6].
• In this work, 1,087 control subjects and 420 narcoleptic subjects with cataplexy, from three ethnic groups, were HLA typed, and the effects of HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, and -DQB1 were analyzed [7].
• CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of bipolar disorder was higher in south-east London than in the other two areas, and was higher among Black and minority ethnic groups than in the White population [8].
• After allowance for age, ethnic group, alcohol consumption and smoking habit, HDL cholesterol was associated positively with SHBG (P = 0.025) but was not related significantly to either total testosterone or its free and bound components [9].
• The 717Val----Ile substitution in amyloid precursor protein is associated with familial Alzheimer's disease regardless of ethnic groups [10].

High impact information on Ethnic Groups

• METHODS: We tested for mutations in GJB2 in DNA samples from three Ashkenazi Jewish families with nonsyndromic recessive deafness, from Ashkenazi Jewish persons seeking carrier testing for other conditions, and from members of other ethnic groups [11].
• Human milk samples from different ethnic groups contain RNase that inhibits, and plasma membrane that stimulates, reverse transcription [12].
• PATIENTS: The study was restricted to patients of Jewish origin because of the ease of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genotyping in this ethnic group [13].
• CONCLUSIONS: The APOE epsilon4 allele represents a major risk factor for AD in all ethnic groups studied, across all ages between 40 and 90 years, and in both men and women [14].
• Controlling for dissimilarities in academic background greatly reduced Part I differences among most racial and ethnic groups, except Asian/Pacific Islander men; unexplained differences remained between men and women [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Ethnic Groups

• Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups: I. The effects of HLA class II, C4, and CR1 alleles, socioeconomic factors, and ethnicity at disease onset. LUMINA Study Group. Lupus in minority populations, nature versus nurture [16].
• This suggests the involvement of multiple pancreatic autoantigens in the Type 1 diabetes autoimmune process or, genetic differences within and between ethnic groups that contribute to the heterogeneous autoimmune response to glutamic acid decarboxylase or both [17].
• Maximal acid output (MAO) after pentagastrin stimulation and gastrin response to a standard meal was studied in 100 control and 200 duodenal ulcer subjects from each of two ethnic groups, Scots and Chinese. The acid output was significantly higher in the Scots than in the Chinese for both controls and duodenal ulcer patients [18].
• These results confirm that obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with low plasma adiponectin concentrations in different ethnic groups and indicate that the degree of hypoadiponectinemia is more closely related to the degree of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia than to the degree of adiposity and glucose intolerance [19].
• The findings of this study suggest the possibility that TPMT activity may be under genetic control in North American black subjects and that this ethnic group may be at greater risk of experiencing thiopurine-induced toxicity caused by the lower overall mean activity of the enzyme [20].

Biological context of Ethnic Groups

• In about 30%-55% of individuals, depending on the ethnic group, there is a virtual absence of GSTM1 enzyme activity due to deletion of both copies of the GSTM1 gene (GSTM1 null genotype) [21].
• Extensive studies in different ethnic groups have associated the susceptibility to development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with the third hypervariable region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) HLA-DR beta 1 molecule [22].
• From published studies of the HRAS1 VNTR locus, which classified alleles into types, we found only small differences in the allele frequency distributions of samples from various European nations, although there were larger differences among ethnic groups (African American, Caucasian, and Oriental) [23].
• In general, the distribution of GDH phenotypes was at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in all three ethnic groups studied [24].
• The TBG polymorphism is inherited in X-linked fashion, based on data from American blacks, and thus provides an X-chromosome marker with a relatively high gene frequency in this ethnic group (frequency of the slow allele, TBGs, is 11%) [25].

Anatomical context of Ethnic Groups

• If a high prolactin/estradiol ratio increases the susceptibility of the mammary epithelium to neoplastic growth, the lack of changes in prolactin levels in premenopausal Japanese patients and in postmenopausal patients of the three ethnic groups indicates that other factors are involved [26].
• However, compared with abdominally obese white individuals, abdominally obese black individuals have been characterized by higher plasma HDL cholesterol levels, suggesting that the impact of abdominal fat accumulation on the lipoprotein-lipid profile may differ among ethnic groups [27].
• Plasma adiponectin concentration was negatively correlated with percent body fat (r = -0.43), waist-to-thigh ratio (r = -0.46), fasting plasma insulin concentration (r = -0.63), and 2-h glucose concentration (r = -0.38), and positively correlated with M (r = 0.59) (all P < 0.001); all relations were evident in both ethnic groups [19].
• We noted no differences in the amniotic fluid enzyme activities for the Arab and various Jewish ethnic groups living in Israel. We conclude that prenatal diagnosis of CF among the Israeli population at risk for CF is feasible by means of a reliable, fast, and economic test in the second trimester of pregnancy [28].
• Vaccines designed to bring forth CD8+ T cell responses in different racial and ethnic groups will require inclusion of T cell epitopes presented by various MHC class I molecules [29].

Associations of Ethnic Groups with chemical compounds

• Probing the meaning of racial/ethnic group comparisons in crack cocaine smoking [6].
• Comparative analysis of the apo(a) gene, apo(a) glycoprotein, and plasma concentrations of Lp(a) in three ethnic groups. Evidence for no common "null" allele at the apo(a) locus [30].
• The ability to digest orally administered lactose was determined in individuals representing a number of Nigerian ethnic groups [31].
• FINDINGS: Fasting homocysteine concentrations were 8% higher (95% CI 3-14) in cases compared with controls, in both ethnic groups [32].
• Nicotine metabolism varies between different ethnic groups [33].

Gene context of Ethnic Groups

• To this end, we surveyed sequence variation in CAPN10 and in an adjacent gene, G-protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35), in four population samples from different ethnic groups [34].
• These data indicate that the same TPMT mutant alleles are found in American black and white populations, but that the predominant mutant alleles differ in these two ethnic groups [35].
• Of note, the pattern of association for the PON1 promoter SNP -161[C/T] was the same in both ethnic groups (P=0.006) [36].
• Association analyses show that haplotypes bearing CDSN*971T confer psoriasis susceptibility in a wide range of ethnic groups [5].
• Moreover, IL1R2 (P=0.002 in Blacks), NOS2A (P<0.001 in Whites) and OPRM1 (P=0.004 in Hispanics) gene haplotypes were associated with PTD in specific ethnic groups but not at global significance level [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Ethnic Groups

• This initial pilot study demonstrates the need to validate each marker used for DNA profiling in different human populations, and that some markers (such as LPL) can be used with confidence in widely differing ethnic groups, while others (such as CD4 and F13A) may be of value in distinguishing sub-groups [38].
• Meta-analysis of published studies and the present data confirmed a highly significant association in Asian populations (summary OR 1.29, P = 7.0 x 10(-6)) but indicated heterogeneity in the genetic effect of the SUMO4/MAP3K7IP2 locus on type 1 diabetes among diverse ethnic groups [39].
• Data on anthropometry, blood pressure (BP), insulin resistance, glucose tolerance, sex, smoking habit, and ethnic group were examined [40].
• Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. XI. Sources of discrepancy in perception of disease activity: a comparison of physician and patient visual analog scale scores [41].
• Quantitative alleles of CR1: coding sequence analysis and comparison of haplotypes in two ethnic groups [42].

References