Disease relevance of Fluoridation

• Dental caries can be prevented by a combination of community, professional, and individual measures including water fluoridation, professionally applied topical fluorides and dental sealants, and use of fluoride toothpastes [1].
• OBJECTIVES: This analysis was conducted to determine the changes in the effect of exposure to fluoridation and other sources of fluoride on dental fluorosis in children attending Newburgh and Kingston school districts in New York State. METHODS: Data for this analysis were obtained from two surveys conducted in the 1986 and 1995 school years [2].
• Dental plaque fluoride is lower after discontinuation of water fluoridation [3].
• Hence, while at the individual level, the slow intra-oral dissolution of fluoride tablets can be of great benefit for coronal caries in children, adolescents, and possibly medically compromised adults (with or without root caries), their contribution on a community basis cannot readily be compared with that of water or salt fluoridation [4].

High impact information on Fluoridation

• Geometric mean PbB concentrations for each water fluoridation method were 2.40 microg/dL (sodium silicofluoride), 2.34 microg/dL (hydrofluosilicic acid), 1.78 microg/dL (sodium fluoride), 2.24 microg/dL (natural fluoride and no fluoride), and 2.14 microg/dL (unknown/mixed status) [5].
• The preponderance of evidence indicates that fluoride can reduce the incidence of dental caries and that fluoridation of drinking water can provide such protection [6].
• The added fluorine was incorporated nearly fully into the apatite structure (fluoridation), and a near stoichiometric FA-collagen composite was obtained with complete fluoridation [7].
• The statistical test (ANOVA tests at 95% level) showed that the difference is significant between the fluoride retention in the group EFL and the group EF 6 months after fluoridation [8].
• The fluoridation of hydroxyapatite compositions having Ca/P ratios higher than 1.59 previously has been investigated [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Fluoridation

• Controlling sucrose intake was less popular than a hypothetical anti-caries vaccine as a means of preventing dental decay, with fluoridation of water supplies being preferred by only 5% of the sample [10].

Biological context of Fluoridation

• Physicians are aware of and support selected caries preventive techniques involving fluoride, particularly community water fluoridation, fluoridating school water supplies, and the prescription of dietary fluoride supplements [11].
• Its reduced effectiveness in high socioeconomic strata of affluent countries, due to the widespread usage of fluoride in toothpastes and other oral care products, should not detract from the public health value of fluoridation [12].
• Data on the relationship between fluoride intake and hip fracture risk at the individual level, and data relating fluoridation to bone mineral density are required [13].
• Consequently, our data support the argument that water fluoridation and the appropriate use of fluoride for dental caries prevention in Japan are needed on the basis of scientific criteria in terms of fluoride exposure related to food intake during tooth formation [14].

Anatomical context of Fluoridation

• The pattern of caries now occurring in fluoride and low-fluoride areas in 15- to 16-year-old children illustrates the impact of water fluoridation on first and second molars [15].
• Fluoride content of the enamel and dentine of human premolars prior to and following the introduction of fluoridation in New Zealand [16].
• Whilst fluoride at high concentrations can have inhibitory effects on lymphocyte and polymorphonuclear leucocyte function, these concentrations are many times higher than levels which would be expected from fluoridation [17].

Associations of Fluoridation with chemical compounds

• CONCLUSIONS--We found a small but significant increase in the risk of hip fracture in both men and women exposed to artificial fluoridation at 1 ppm, suggesting that low levels of fluoride may increase the risk of hip fracture in the elderly [18].
• The fluoridation of the apatite was aimed to improve the stability of the coating and elicit the fluorine effect, which is useful in the dental restoration area [19].
• A new method of sample preparation for the instrument, based upon immediate haemolysis and fluoridation of blood, has been developed, allowing measurement of whole blood lactate concentration to be performed on samples as small as 150 microlitre within 5 min of withdrawal [20].
• The effect of fluoridation on the occurrence of hidden caries in clinically sound occlusal surfaces [21].
• Water, salt, milk fluoridation and the use of fluoride supplements were introduced for systemic fluoridation mainly using sodium fluoride [22].

Gene context of Fluoridation

• Dental preservation in patients irradiated for head and neck tumours: A 10-year experience with topical fluoride and a randomized trial between two fluoridation methods [23].
• Should the drinking water of Truro, Nova Scotia, be fluoridated? Water fluoridation in the 1990s [24].
• Fluoridation. Part II [25].
• Effect of drinking water fluoridation on stapedial otosclerosis in a low fluoride area [26].
• The results of this study seem to indicate that Black children will benefit more from water fluoridation than White children [27].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Fluoridation

• Fluoride in drinking water and 32 other drinking water variables were evaluated in an epidemiologic study of 158 municipalities in the State of Iowa. The study included three study groups: two for controlled fluoridation and one for natural fluoride [28].
• Life table rates based on 4,365 children in the National Preventive Dentistry Demonstration Program indicate that both fluoridation and sealants are effective in preventing caries on occlusal and buccal/lingual surfaces of molars [29].
• The effect of topical fluoride varied according to type of control group used, type of TFT used, mode/setting of TFT use, initial caries levels and intensity of TFT application, but was not influenced by exposure to water fluoridation or other fluoride sources [30].
• When ranking the effectiveness of different caries preventive measures teachers on average listed optimal water fluoridation as a lower priority compared to toothbrushing, dental visits, fluoride mouthrinses and eating fewer sweet products [31].
• To achieve optimal oral health throughout life, a combination of passive measures (e.g. water fluoridation, school-based fluoride programmes) and active personal behaviours (e.g. oral hygiene, diet control) is required [32].

References