Disease relevance of Water Supply

• Dental caries prevalence in Texas schoolchildren using water supplies with high and low lithium and fluoride [1].
• Nitrate in public water supplies and the risk of colon and rectum cancers [2].
• An ecologic study was performed to examine the relation between the incidence of leukemias and the occurrence of volatile organic chemical (VOC) contamination of drinking water supplies within a study area comprised of subpopulations differentially exposed to drinking water VOCs (trichloroethylene and related solvents) [3].
• Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) is a contaminant of chlorinated drinking water supplies, is carcinogenic in rats and mice, and is a therapeutic agent used for the treatment of congenital lactic acidosis [4].
• We focused our analyses on the period from 1960 onward, during which nitrate measurements were more frequent, and we restricted analyses to those persons with public water supplies that had nitrate data (actual or imputed) for greater than 70% of this time period (376 colon cancer cases, 338 rectum cancer cases, and 1244 controls) [2].

Psychiatry related information on Water Supply

• Alzheimer's disease and the relationship between silicon and aluminium in water supplies in northern England [5].
• Bone mass and dementia in hip fracture patients from areas with different aluminium concentrations in water supplies [6].

High impact information on Water Supply

• The findings show that the prevalence of H pylori infection is high among young Peruvian children and that the municipal water supply seems to be an important source of infection among Lima children from families of both low and high socioeconomic status [7].
• Aluminium deposition in bone after contamination of drinking water supply [8].
• In Annan, a similar town which has never had fluoride added to the water supply, caries prevalence fell significantly, with little change in the cost of dental treatment [9].
• NANB is widespread in India and several countries of South-East Asia; it is increasingly recognised in Africa and may occur in Latin America. Control measures include provision of clean water supplies, safe disposal of human excreta, and sound personal and food hygiene practices [10].
• Both cadmium and nitrosamines are known environmental contaminants present in air, food, water supplies, and tobacco smoke [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Water Supply

• Two of 3 adult Greyhounds with clinical signs of giardiasis were treated by the addition of ipronidazole hydrochloride to their water supply (126 mg/L) for 7 days [12].
• Rats with permanent access to a water supply adulterated with citric acid (CA) displayed persistent reductions in fluid intake and fluid/food ratios; and at appropriate concentrations of CA, they also exhibited lowered body weights and drinking deficits after fluid deprivation and after hypertonic NaCl injections [13].
• This paper analyses the situation in countries comprising the WHO South-East Asia Region with respect to water supply and sanitation services, hygiene and the epidemiology of related infectious diseases [14].
• In two separate blocks of experiments, the extreme within-group aggression which is typically associated with limbic seizure-induced brain injury in male rats was attenuated or abolished within two days by the administration of prednisolone in the water supply [15].
• Chlorodibromomethane, a trihalomethane found in water supplies after chlorination, was administered by gavage in corn oil to male and female Fischer 344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice in toxicity studies of 13 weeks and 2 years duration [16].

Biological context of Water Supply

• Misinformation about fluoridation contributes to reluctance of communities to supplement the natural but inadequate fluoride of those water supplies [17].
• Changes in apoplastic pH and membrane potential in leaves in relation to stomatal responses to CO2, malate, abscisic acid or interruption of water supply [18].
• Perchlorate contamination of surface water and groundwater is an emerging public health problem that has adversely affected the drinking water supplies of millions of people in the western United States. Microbial reduction has shown promise as a cost-effective means for in situ bioremediation of perchlorate-contaminated water [19].
• Bromate can be formed as a by-product of ozone treatment that is sometimes used for the disinfection of municipal water supplies and bottled waters [20].
• Nitrogen from such systems is currently of concern because of nitrate contamination of drinking water supplies and eutrophication of coastal waters [21].

Anatomical context of Water Supply

• The results indicate that fluoride might be not clastogenic to human fibroblasts when exposed at low levels, equivalent to those in the communal water supplies [22].
• Thyroid volume (ThV) and echogenicity by ultrasound were estimated in 324 schoolchildren (aged between 10 and 13-years) from high nitrate area (HNA) located in agricultural lowland with high nitrate drinking water supply (51-274 mg/l) from shallow wells [23].
• The effect of the presence of fluoride in toothpaste on tooth wear was investigated in extracted human premolar teeth collected from two geographic areas with different fluoride concentrations in the public water supply [24].

Associations of Water Supply with chemical compounds

• Bromodichloromethane, a trihalomethane found in water supplies after chlorination, was administered by gavage in corn oil to male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice for up to 2 years at dose levels of 0, 50, or 100 mg/kg to rats, 0, 25, or 50 mg/kg to male mice, and 0, 75, or 150 mg/kg to female mice [25].
• Nitrate data were based on 9330 samples of drinking water tested between 1990 and 1995 in 148 water supply zones, for which 1991 census small area statistics were taken on population density, ethnicity and socio-economic status [26].
• Penicillamine should be used early and adverse prognostic factors recognized as indications for early transplantation and unregulated water supplies should not be used to prepare infant feeds [27].
• The selectivity of the LTGC is demonstrated by the extraction of a variety of aromatic hydrocarbons as well as the taste and odor contaminants geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol, and 2,4,6-trichloroanisole commonly found in water supplies [28].
• Halogenated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene (TCE) are among the most common water supply contaminants in the United States and abroad [29].

Gene context of Water Supply

• In rats with normal water supply, daily urinary excretion of AQP2 was 3.9+/-0.9% (n = 6) of total kidney expression [30].
• At the recent World Water '86 conference in London, the Director of Water Supply and Urban Development in the Operations Policy Department of the World Bank chastised the assembled engineers for behaving like religious fanatics, convinced that their work is good and righteous but not willing (or able) to demonstrate this [31].
• Antibody activity in sera of patients with humidifier disease: studies of the water supply as a source of antigens [32].
• New methods such as those using polymerase chain reaction may help with detection of Cryptosporidium in water supplies or in asymptomatic carriers [33].
• OBJECTIVE--To investigate whether higher IDDM incidence rates occurred in areas with high nitrate levels in their potable water supplies [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Water Supply

• METHODS: We investigated the association of nitrate in public water supplies with incident colon and rectum cancers in a case-control study conducted in Iowa from 1986 to 1989 [2].
• The estimated cost of saving 1 DMFS with each program was: 53.40 Pts (US$ 0.39) with fluoridation of the water supply; 305.20 Pts (US$ 2.26) with fluoride mouthrinses; and 1498 Pts (US$ 11.09) with supervised toothbrushing [35].
• Sundry analytical techniques have been applied in order to determine the concentrations of the HAAs in potable water supplies: gas chromatography (GC-MS, GC-ECD); capillary electrophoresis (CE); liquid chromatography (LC), including ion chromatography (IC); and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) [36].
• Dong (D) lake and the Yangtze (Y) river are the main water supplies of the city of Wuhan, PR China. In the present study, the genotoxic effect of chlorinated drinking water (CDW) processed from raw water of D lake and Y river was evaluated in human HepG2 cells using the Comet assay and the micronucleus test [37].
• FDA safety alert: sodium azide contamination of hemodialysis water supplies [38].

References