Disease relevance of GLYPHOSINE

• Polaris, a protein associated with cystic kidney disease in Tg737(o)(rpk) mice, functions in a ciliogenic pathway [1].
• Similarities in cyst formation and striking differences in cilia expression associated with these ARPKD mouse models indicates that cyst formation and cilia expression are independent phenotypic features regulated by polaris [2].
• The Oak Ridge Polycystic Kidney (orpk) mouse contains a mutated Tg737 gene that disrupts expression of polaris, a protein required for ciliogenesis [3].
• A subsample of 183 men (62 cases and 121 controls) enrolled in the Polaris HIV Seroconversion Study as of June 2001 was analyzed [4].
• Time-dependent change in fast pathway refractoriness after slow pathway ablation in atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia. Mansfield Polaris Investigators [5].

Psychiatry related information on GLYPHOSINE

• Continued sexual risk behavior following repeatedly testing HIV-negative in the Polaris HIV Seroconversion Study (Ontario, Canada) led to this follow-up study which identifies the impact of repeat negative testing among 64 men and women [6].

High impact information on GLYPHOSINE

• Furthermore, cilia are malformed in mice with PKD with mutations in TgN737Rpw (encoding polaris) [7].
• When expressed exogenously in polarized renal epithelial cells, cystin is detected in cilia, and its expression overlaps with polaris, another PKD-related protein [8].
• Little is known about peptide signaling in plant growth; however, Arabidopsis thaliana POLARIS (PLS), encoding a 36-amino acid peptide, is required for correct root growth and vascular development [9].
• The POLARIS Peptide of Arabidopsis Regulates Auxin Transport and Root Growth via Effects on Ethylene Signaling [9].
• However, POLARIS was expressed in the basal part of hydra embryos lacking an embryonic root and in the basal parts of both hydra and emb30 seedlings [10].

Biological context of GLYPHOSINE

• The POLARIS (PLS) gene of Arabidopsis was identified as a promoter trap transgenic line, showing beta-glucuronidase fusion gene expression predominantly in the embryonic and seedling root, with low expression in aerial parts [11].
• Here we show that in orpk mice, a model system for PKD that harbors a mutation in the gene that encodes the polaris protein, pancreatic defects start to occur at the end of gestation, with an initial expansion of the developing pancreatic ducts [12].
• Polaris morphants have defects in KV cilia, suggesting that the laterality phenotype is due to problems in cilia function per se [13].
• To test this hypothesis, we assessed the contribution of Polaris and cilium structure and function to renal epithelial ion transport electrophysiology [14].
• Marinomonas polaris sp. nov., a psychrohalotolerant strain isolated from coastal sea water off the subantarctic Kerguelen islands [15].

Anatomical context of GLYPHOSINE

• Mutations of the proteins polaris, cystin and polycystin-2 which are expressed in renal epithelium primary cilia, lead to renal cystic changes [16].
• Similar to murine polaris, the OSM-5 protein was found to concentrate at the cilium base and within the cilium axoneme as shown by an OSM-5::GFP translational fusion and immunofluorescence [17].
• RESULTS: Mechanosensory and olfactory neurons in nompB mutants have missing or defective cilia. nompB encodes the Drosophila homolog of the IFT complex B protein IFT88/Polaris/OSM-5. nompB is expressed in the ciliated sensory neurons, and a functional, tagged NOMPB protein is located in sensory cilia and around basal bodies [18].
• Comparison of power- and temperature-guided radiofrequency modification of the atrioventricular node. Polaris Investigator Group [19].
• Polaris/IFT88 is detected in the manchette of mouse and rat spermatids [20].

Associations of GLYPHOSINE with other chemical compounds

• Effect of polysaccharide extracted from Glaciecola polaris on the protection of mouse macrophages from oxidative injury [21].

Gene context of GLYPHOSINE

• This study sought to determine whether the mammalian polycystins are expressed in primary cilia of renal epithelia and whether these proteins co-localize with polaris and cystin, the newly described, cilia-associated protein that is disrupted in the cpk mouse [22].
• Polaris is involved in ciliary assembly, while Pkd2 is proposed to function as a Ca(2+)-permeable cation channel [13].
• The intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins Ift172/Wimple and Polaris/Ift88 and the anterograde IFT motor kinesin-II are required for the production and maintenance of cilia [23].
• Two genes proposed to be important in this cilia-mediated signaling cascade are polaris and polycystin-2 (pkd2) [13].
• Genetic analysis shows that Wim, Polaris and the IFT motor protein Kif3a are required for Hedgehog signalling at a step downstream of Patched1 (the Hedgehog receptor) and upstream of direct targets of Hedgehog signalling [24].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of GLYPHOSINE

• We also tested the method with acquisitions of the data spectrum anthropomorphic phantom where motion during SPECT acquisition was measured using the Polaris IR motion tracking system [25].
• Seroepidemiological studies of polaris Submarine crews. II. Infectious mononucleosis [26].
• Chronic intermittent bipolar electrical stimulation of the left nucleus reticulatus polaris thalami was performed in a patient in a state of subcoma due to ischaemic infarction of wide medial parts of the midbrain, mainly the tegmentum, and the right-sided mediobasal parts of the forebrain [27].

References