Disease relevance of d-Phthalthrin

• The selective block of tetramethrin-modified sodium channels by (+/-)-alpha-tocopherol is one of the important mechanisms underlying (+/-)-alpha-tocopherol alleviation of paresthesia [1].
• Tetramethrin at 10 microm modified 17 and 23% of channels at 22 and 12 degrees C, respectively, indicating that the sensitivity of the sodium channel of rat hippocampal neurons to tetramethrin was almost the same as that of tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons and rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons [2].
• Patch clamp single channel recording experiments with cultured neuroblastoma cells have revealed that individual sodium channels are kept open much longer in the presence of the pyrethroid tetramethrin than in control [3].
• Two vibrational spectroscopy procedures have been developed and compared for the direct and simultaneous determination of piperonyl butoxide and tetramethrin, the active ingredients of alcoholic capillary lotions, for hair pediculosis diseases [4].

High impact information on d-Phthalthrin

• Both cobalt and tetramethrin blocked the action of IGF-I on calcium influx without affecting the binding of 125I-IGF-I [5].
• Tetramethrin was used to prolong the open time of single channels so that the current-voltage relationship could be readily determined over a wide range of membrane potentials [6].
• For tetramethrin-modified channels, such accumulation was much less because of faster kinetics [7].
• Cell-attached patch-clamp experiments revealed that deltamethrin had much smaller mobility in the cell membrane than tetramethrin [7].
• Nimodipine, tetramethrin and nickel did not affect the omega-contoxin-resistant relaxation in lamina propria, suggesting that neuronal L or T VOCCs were not involved in the response [8].

Biological context of d-Phthalthrin

• 1. The toxicokinetics of cis- and trans-tetramethrin isomers were investigated using the isolated perfused rat liver preparation [9].
• In this study, uterine CaBP-9k gene expression assay and a uterotrophic assay were conducted for estrogenic activity assessment of tetramethrin, and a Hershberger assay was conducted for androgenic activity [10].
• Tetramethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, is used globally for agriculture, and thus potential environmental exposure to tetramethrin is a concern [10].
• 1. Effects of T-type Ca2+ channel inhibitors, Ni2+ and tetramethrin, on the spontaneous action potentials in rabbit sino-atrial nodal cells were examined [11].
• In the presence of 7.5 x 10(-7) M tetramethrin, glucagon-induced glycogenolysis was markedly attenuated when glucagon concentration was 10(-9) M or higher [12].

Anatomical context of d-Phthalthrin

• Kinetics of sodium channel modification by the insecticide tetramethrin in squid axon membranes [13].
• In electrically-stimulated longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparations of the guinea-pig ileum, the Type I pyrethroid insecticide tetramethrin (1-100 microM) caused a biphasic response consisting of an early transient increase followed by a sustained decrease in the amplitude of cholinergic contractions [14].
• Estrogen receptor (ERalpha and ERbeta) protein levels were also measured in tetramethrin-treated rat uteri [10].
• Type I pyrethroids as represented by allethrin and tetramethrin which lack a cyano group cause repetitive discharges in nerve fibers and nerve terminals leading to hyperexcitation of the animal [15].

Associations of d-Phthalthrin with other chemical compounds

• Both deltamethrin (type II) and tetramethrin (type I) acted on both tetrodotoxin-sensitive and tetrodotoxin-resistant channels in a qualitatively similar manner and some quantitative differences were derived from different kinetics [7].
• After stimulation of cells by DHT (10nM), synthetic androgen R1881 (1 nM), or organic pesticides (difenoconazole, fentinacetate, tetramethrin) TMPRSS2 mRNA expression was down-regulated by the factor 0.6 after 24h of DHT treatment [16].
• Northern blot analysis showed reduction in uterine CaBP-9k mRNA levels in response to tetramethrin, as well as when rats were given both tetramethrin and 17beta-estradiol (E2) [10].
• Pyrethrum as well as synthetic pyrethroids like allethrin, resmethrin, phenothrin, tetramethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin or permethrin are among the insecticides most often used worldwide [17].
• The survey indicated widely spread resistance to DDT; in a few cases ineffectivity of permethrin, tetramethrin and trichlorfon, respectively, was also documented [18].

Gene context of d-Phthalthrin

• In contrast, TMPRSS2 expression was up-regulated by the factor 0.9 when cells were stimulated by tetramethrin [16].
• The minimal concentration of tetramethrin that inhibited glucagon-mediated calcium entry was 7.5 x 10(-7) M [12].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of d-Phthalthrin

• The differential effects of the pyrethroid tetramethrin on tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) and tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) single sodium channel currents in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were investigated using the outside-out configuration of patch-clamp technique [19].

References