Disease relevance of Chlormadinone

• Pure red cell aplasia caused by chlormadinone [1].
• The use of oral contraceptives containing chlormadinone acetate in 1972 by women of 13 districts (out of 15) of the GDR has been related to the incidence of cancer of breast, corpus uteri, and ovary during the period 1961 to 1980 [2].
• Histological evaluation of benign prostatic hyperplasia treated by long-term administration of chlormadinone acetate (CMA) [3].
• Incidence and characteristics of antiandrogen withdrawal syndrome in prostate cancer after treatment with chlormadinone acetate [4].
• Furthermore, the CMA-treated rats showed a larger increase in ventilation during the hypoxia test and a lower PO2 break point for ventilatory depression [5].

High impact information on Chlormadinone

• Interaction of chlormadinone acetate with the ouabain binding site of Na+,K+-ATPase [6].
• Ethinylestradiol was shown to increase PR concentration (P less than 0.05), and chlormadinone acetate was found to prevent this increase [7].
• The concentration of 3CgAc is estimated from a standard curve derived by incubating cytosol with 3-H-progesterone and varying amounts of chlormadinone acetate [8].
• Comparison of histological compositions and apoptosis in canine spontaneous benign prostatic hyperplasia treated with androgen suppressive agents chlormadinone acetate and finasteride [9].
• CONCLUSIONS: Although a similar effect of chlormadinone acetate and finasteride was observed in the induction of prostatic regression and composition of the histological components, the sustained increase in apoptosis was observed only in chlormadinone acetate treated canines [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Chlormadinone

• Effects on ventilatory responses to progressive isocapnic hypoxia of a synthetic potent progestin, chlormadinone acetate (CMA), were determined in the halothane-anesthetized male rat [5].
• The slopes of hypoxic ventilatory and occlusion pressure response lines remained unchanged in hypocapnia after CMA or MPA ingestion, but they increased when entidal PCO2 was adjusted to the predrug level [10].
• Doses of zero, one, 10 and 25 times the expected human dose of megestrol acetate and 25 times the expected human dose of chlormadinone acetate (on a milligram per kilogram body weight basis) are being given daily [11].
• In one study, combined androgen blockade (CAB) with leuprorelin plus chlormadinone appeared to prolong time to disease progression when compared with leuprorelin monotherapy, but there was no difference in survival between these treatment groups [12].
• Endometrial morphology and peripheral steroid levels in women with and without intermenstrual bleeding during contraception with the 300 microgram norethisterone (NET) minipill [13].

Biological context of Chlormadinone

• The extent of apoptosis observed in the prostate was significantly higher in the chlormadinone acetate group compared to that of the control and finasteride groups [9].
• The high effectiveness of the DSG minipill is attributable to an almost constant inhibition of ovulation, as shown by the absence of elevated progesterone circulating levels and inhibition of follicular growth in the vast majority of cycles studied [14].
• Pharmacokinetics of norethindrone (NET) was evaluated in eleven women belonging to a low socio-economic group and in five womem belonging to the high socio-economic group after the administration of an oral dose of 0.35 mg NET minipill on an empty stomach [15].
• No significant differences (P greater than 0.05) were found between geometric means of the total area under curve at weekly intervals for FSH, LH and T hormones between the male infants from control group (n=10) when compared with oral minipill or Norplant(R)-2 users [16].
• Histopathological studies of subcutaneous implantation of chlormadinone acetate (CMA) for preventing estrus in queens [17].

Anatomical context of Chlormadinone

• Some doubts on this conviction are raised by the results of recent studies providing evidence that cyproterone acetate and two structural analogues, chlormadinone acetate and megestrol acetate, are genotoxic in female rats but only for the liver, and in primary human hepatocytes from donors of both genders [18].
• Ventilation during the breathing of hyperoxic gas was largely unaffected by treatment with CMA when carotid chemoreceptor afferents were kept intact [5].
• The precise reason for the higher transfer ratio of LNG from breast milk to infant's serum in Minipill users cannot be explained [19].
• The results suggests a genotoxic and cytotoxic effect of chlormadinone acetate in mouse bone marrow cells [20].
• Morphometric studies of the endometrium, the fallopian tube and the corpus luteum during contraception with the 300 micrograms norethisterone (NET) minipill [21].

Associations of Chlormadinone with other chemical compounds

• On the other hand, chlormadinone acetate, a progesterone derivative shown to bind with high affinity to the digitalis receptor, was nearly equipotent to digoxigenin in a [3H]ouabain radioreceptor assay [22].
• No increase in basal serum prolactin concentration was produced by chlormadinone acetate treatment, either alone or when added to estrogen therapy [23].
• The effect of chlormadinone was much less than that induced by both MPA and norgestrel 1, 6 and 24 h after treatment [24].
• The effects of two progesterone derivatives, namely medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and chlormadinone, and two 19-nor-testosterone derivatives, namely norgestrel and norethisterone, on the binding of oestradiol to its cytoplasmic receptors in the rat uterus were compared [24].
• Four 17-hydroxyprogesterone derivatives (chlormadinone acetate, CMA; cyproterone acetate, CPA; medroxyprogesterone acetate, MPA; and megestrol acetate, MGA) and two 19-nortestosterone derivatives (norethindrone, NRE, and norgestrel, NRG) were thus investigated [25].

Gene context of Chlormadinone

• Effects of a new steroidal aromatase inhibitor, TZA-2237, and/or chlormadinone acetate on hormone-induced and spontaneous canine benign prostatic hyperplasia [26].
• Treatment with 0.5 mg/kg/day of TZP-4238 decreased 5 alpha-reductase activity, DHT content, and nuclear androgen receptor (AR) content in the prostate, and treatment with 0.1 mg/kg/day of TZP-4238 or 2.5 mg/kg/day of CMA also decreased or tended to decrease these parameters [27].
• Serum prolactin concentrations in women treated with chlormadinone acetate [23].
• RESULTS: Of 28 patients who had been treated with chlormadinone acetate, 12 (42.9%) revealed 50% or more decline in PSA level following withdrawal of the agent [4].
• The study revealed a lower LNG percentage transfer from maternal sera to breast milk--11.8 +/- 2, 7 +/- 2 and 8 +/- 1 and relatively higher percentage LNG transfer from breast milk to infant's sera--75 +/- 17, 68 +/- 20 and 32 +/- 3, in LNG-IUD, Norplant (R)-2 and minipill users, respectively [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Chlormadinone

• The size and number of the liver tumors were reduced by various antiandrogen treatments (orchiectomy, an LH-RH analog, and chlormadinone acetate) [29].
• The effect of long-term administration of an antiandrogen, chlormadinone acetate (CMA), on benign prostatic hyperplasia was evaluated with histological comparison of two biopsy specimens, one before treatment and one after treatment [3].
• Combined oral contraceptives containing chlormadinone acetate and breast cancer: results of a case-control study [30].
• Development of a new sensitive and specific time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA) of chlormadinone acetate in the serum of treated menopausal women [31].
• Inhibition of hypoxic ventilatory depression by CMA persisted even after the denervation of CSN [5].

References