Disease relevance of Anatoxin-a

• Severe radiation-induced proctitis treated with botulinum anatoxin type A [1].
• In growth experiments, extracellular products made by the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae contained both anatoxin and microcystin, and significantly reduced the yield of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a green alga [2].
• DMAnTX was only weakly effective in eliciting contracture of the frog rectus abdominis and was orders of magnitude less potent than AnTX [3].
• The method used tetanus anatoxin coated on microtitre plates as capture antigen to bind sample or standard F(ab')(2), the amount of antibody binding being quantified using, first, a secondary biotinylated anti-horse antibody/streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase complex in situ and then a measurement of the substrate product [4].
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa. II. Experimental acellular vaccine of an endotoxin and anatoxin type [5].

High impact information on Anatoxin-a

• Methyllycaconitine, a toxin isolated from the seeds of Delphinium brownii, inhibited acetylcholine- and anatoxin-induced whole-cell currents in cultured fetal rat hippocampal neurons, at picomolar concentrations [6].
• There was a 43% increase in the activity of 3 microM nicotine to release [3H]dopamine from synaptosomes of anatoxin-treated animals, but the release induced by 20 mM K+ depolarization was unaffected [7].
• 5. These results suggest that PKC is activated by nicotinic ACh receptor stimulation and mediates a component of AnTx-evoked [(3)H]-dopamine release [8].
• Nicotinic pharmacology of anatoxin analogs. I. Side chain structure-activity relationships at peripheral agonist and noncompetitive antagonist sites [9].
• Nicotinic pharmacology of anatoxin analogs. II. Side chain structure-activity relationships at neuronal nicotinic ligand binding sites [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Anatoxin-a

• The toxic effects of several species of fresh water cyanobacteria, notably Microcystis species and associated toxins, the microcystins, Anabaena species (anatoxin), Nodularia sp. (nodularin), and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (cylindrospermopsin), are well known [11].
• Serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) were measured as well as total and active E-RFC and cellular immunity was evaluated using the intradermal testing of PPD, candidin D-7, trichophytin D-5 and tetanus anatoxin [12].

Biological context of Anatoxin-a

• The study demonstrates that anatoxin-induced apoptosis is possibly mediated by generation of reactive oxygen species and caspase activation [13].
• Staphylococcal anatoxin which has a systemic therapeutic effect, improving burn wound condition and increasing humoral and cellular immunity was used for the prevention of staphylococcal infection among patients with deep burns of up to 15 per cent of body surface area as a component of their therapy [14].
• The strongest phagocytosis was observed when A1 and B erythrocytes with 0 (alpha + beta) sera and A1 erythrocytes with AB (0) sera from immunized with anatoxin donors were combined [15].

Anatomical context of Anatoxin-a

• Also this drug (less than 1 microM) decreased the frequency of channels activated by AnTX or ACh in outside-out patch membranes of rat retinal ganglion cells with minimal changes in the channel open time [16].
• N,N-dimethylanatoxin (DMAnTX), the quaternary derivative of the potent nicotinic agonist (+)-anatoxin-a (AnTX), has been evaluated for potency and efficacy at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of frog motor endplates and Torpedo electric organs [3].
• Action of anatoxin I at the neuromuscular junction [17].
• The immunization of ewes and their lambs by tetanus anatoxin demonstrate, that the absorbed lymphoid cells remain immunologically active, and may transfer immune information to the lambs [18].
• Using patch clamp techniques, single channel currents activated by ACh and anatoxin were recorded from frog interosseal muscle fibers under cell-attached condition and outside-out patches excised from cultured rat hippocampal neurons [19].

Gene context of Anatoxin-a

• Neither AnTX nor any other nicotinic agonist increased the binding of [3H]MK-801 to the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ion channel complex [16].
• Aiming to establish more sensitive and accurate methods for purification, samples from four different lots of tetanus anatoxin were submitted to gel filtration in twenty independent trials using the Sephacryl S-100 HR and S-200 HR resins [20].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Anatoxin-a

• Intravenous injection of tetanus toxoid (anatoxin) (TT) was chosen as the antigenic stimulus (500 micrograms/kg weight), and intravenous injection of saline solution was used as the control [21].
• On a small scale, we purified tetanus anatoxin on Sephacryl S-200 High Resolution (gel filtration) and we obtained a successful high-yield purification [22].
• Today liquid chromatography is a well established technique for the purification of tetanus anatoxin and several different methods are used in production scale [22].

References