Disease relevance of Tetanus

• BACKGROUND: The administration of the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and whole-cell pertussis (DTP) vaccine and measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine has been associated with adverse neurologic events, including seizures [1].
• The serum samples were obtained from infants participating in immunogenicity trials with Hib capsular polysaccharide (PRP) conjugated to meningococcal outer membrane protein complex (PRP-OMPC) or to tetanus toxoid (PRP-T), or PRP oligomers conjugated to a nontoxic mutant diphtheria toxin, CRM197 (Oligo-CRM) [2].
• Functional analysis of the unreactive (TH1-) and reactive (TH1+) T-cell subclasses demonstrated that TH1- cells mounted a good proliferative response to a battery of specific soluble antigens (mumps, PPD, tetanus toxoid) but neither responded in MLC, nor elaborated LMF in response to tetanus toxoid [3].
• Results identify several such peptides that are broadly recognized by mice of four H-2 types and by 52-73% of infected humans who still retain IL-2 productive responses to control recall antigens such as influenza A virus or tetanus toxoid [4].
• To study the role of such disease-associated epitopes in antigen-restricted T cell recognition we generated T cell clones from RA patients specific for mycobacterial antigens, Epstein-Barr virus antigens, and tetanus toxoid [5].

Psychiatry related information on Tetanus

• INTERPRETATION: Past exposure to vaccines against diphtheria or tetanus, poliomyelitis and influenza may protect against subsequent development of Alzheimer's disease [6].
• Participants completed a self-assessment tool to determine if influenza, pneumococcal, measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), tetanus, hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines were indicated and previously received [7].
• It was found in this model of tetanus toxin-induced stereotyped behavior that lithium chloride and diazepam can suppress the syndrome [8].
• Recent results in one model have shown that repeated seizures induced by intrahippocampal injections of tetanus toxin during a critical period results in a chronic epilepsy [9].
• Musculoskeletal complications from seizures produced by epilepsy, eclampsia, hyponatremia, electroconvulsive therapy, and severe tetanus have been described [10].

High impact information on Tetanus

• This antigen-specific effect could be generalized to another DR1-restricted peptide, Tetanus toxoid 830-843 [11].
• In an animal model of acute promyelocytic leukemia, we developed a DNA-based vaccine by fusing the human promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor-alpha (PML-RARA) oncogene to tetanus fragment C (FrC) sequences [12].
• A TrkB-IgG fusion protein, which scavenges endogenous BDNF, reduced the synaptic responses to tetanus as well as the magnitude of LTP in adult hippocampus [13].
• NMDA receptors initiate a molecular event that needs to be triggered each time a tetanus is delivered to induce LTP [14].
• Recently tetanus toxin was shown to proteolytically degrade synaptobrevin II (also named VAMP-2), a synaptic vesicle-specific protein, in vitro and in nerve terminals [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Tetanus

• A rise in similarly positive T cells occurred in normal individuals after immunization with tetanus toxoid or PPD [16].
• Tetanus toxin reduced neuronal injury produced by brief exposure to elevated extracellular K+ or to glutamate, situations in which release of endogenous excitatory neurotransmitter is likely to play a role [17].
• Oxygen or glucose deprivation-induced neuronal injury in cortical cell cultures is reduced by tetanus toxin [17].
• To determine the time for which Ca2+ must remain elevated to induce LTP, the photolabile Ca2+ buffer diazo-4 was used to limit the duration of the rise in postsynaptic [Ca2+]i following a tetanus [18].
• The three vaccine components included HBV core antigen peptide 18-27 as the CTL epitope, tetanus toxoid peptide 830-843 as the T helper peptide, and two palmitic acid molecules as the lipids [19].

Biological context of Tetanus

• Exocytosis in vitro requires cytosol and Ca(2+) at concentrations in the micromolar range, and is sensitive to Tetanus toxin [20].
• The tetanus toxin and a collagenase are encoded on a 74,082-bp plasmid, containing 61 ORFs [21].
• Analysis of the antigen-specific T-cell repertoire at 1 year after BMT showed that the T cells responding to tetanus toxoid (TT) differed in TCR gene segment usage and in amino acid composition of the CDR3 region when comparing the recipient with the donor [22].
• Immunological memory to tetanus toxoid is established and maintained in the vitamin A-depleted rat [23].
• Whereas Hirudo synaptobrevin is proteolyzed by tetanus toxin, its SNAP-25 isoform is resistant to botulinus toxin A cleavage because of amino acid substitutions within and around the putative cleavage site [24].

Anatomical context of Tetanus

• Botulinum neurotoxin type B (BoNT/B) and tetanus toxin (TeTx) are zinc-dependent proteases that specifically cleave synaptobrevin (VAMP), a membrane protein of synaptic vesicles [25].
• Biotinylated antigens (human thyroglobulin or tetanus toxoid) were incubated with human B lymphocytes from peripheral blood [26].
• Cleavage of VAMP2 with tetanus toxin (TeNT) did not prevent delivery of TRPC3 to the plasma membrane region but reduced its surface expression [27].
• Helper T cell subsets for immunoglobulin A responses: oral immunization with tetanus toxoid and cholera toxin as adjuvant selectively induces Th2 cells in mucosa associated tissues [28].
• However, RLB9-7 cells in the presence of urushiol inhibited the synthesis of tetanus toxoid-specific IgG by autologous lymphocytes, indicating that the suppression, although triggered specifically by urushiol, was nonspecific [29].

Gene context of Tetanus

• We observed that IL-15 enhances the proliferative response in a dose-dependent manner from PBMCs of HIV-infected individuals when stimulated by polyclonal mitogen, tetanus toxoid, or HIV-specific antigen [30].
• VAMP2 in kidney membranes was cleaved by tetanus toxin, revealing a tetanus toxin-sensitive VAMP homologue [31].
• Similarly, tetanus toxin cleaved VAMP2 in synaptic vesicles [31].
• Contra-IL-1 inhibited the proliferation of normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells to both concanavalin A and tetanus toxoid; inhibition could be attenuated by the addition of exogenous IL-1 [32].
• Correspondingly, only synaptobrevin (n-syb), but not the ubiquitously expressed syb protein, is cleaved by tetanus toxin in vitro [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Tetanus

• Monoclonal and polyclonal L1 antibodies react by indirect immunofluorescence with the cell surface of cultured tetanus toxin-positive neurons from post-natal cerebella of mice, but not with glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes, O4 antigen-positive oligodendrocytes or fibronectin-positive fibroblasts or fibroblast-like cells [34].
• The presence of neurons and astroglia was demonstrated by immunofluorescence detection of bound tetanus toxin as a neuron-specific surface marker, and glial fibrillary acidic protein as an astroglial marker [35].
• They bound tetanus toxin, a neuronal marker, and did not have the capacity to take up gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as measured by autoradiography [36].
• We induced T cell help for vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pn) using self and foreign peptides and their source proteins conjugated to the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of type 4 Pn; the carriers were self-heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) and tetanus toxoid (TT) [37].
• We report the effects of IL-2 given with tetanus vaccination in two patients in a larger immunotherapy study [38].

References