Disease relevance of Artificial mustard oil

• Topical application of mustard oil (allyl isothiocyanate) to the skin or injection into joints induces hyperalgesia, allodynia, and neuroinflammation [1].
• It was concluded that treatment of mouse erythroleukemia cells with allyl isothiocyanate can cause increased acetylation of histones but the mechanism for this effect requires further elucidation [2].
• Allyl isothiocyanate, a constituent of cruciferous vegetables, inhibits proliferation of human prostate cancer cells by causing G2/M arrest and inducing apoptosis [3].
• We have examined the effects of allyl-isothiocyanate (AITC), a major breakdown product of the glucosinolate sinigrin, on proliferation and death of colorectal cancer cells [4].
• Elimination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from Fermented Dry Sausages at an Organoleptically Acceptable Level of Microencapsulated Allyl Isothiocyanate [5].

High impact information on Artificial mustard oil

• Allyl isothiocyanate, the pungent principle of wasabi and other mustard oils, produces pain by activating TRPA1, an excitatory ion channel on sensory nerve endings [6].
• Here we show that allicin and DADS excite an allyl isothiocyanate-sensitive subpopulation of sensory neurons and induce vasodilation by activating capsaicin-sensitive perivascular sensory nerve endings [7].
• Allyl isothiocyanate also had limited efficacy despite its ability to trigger apoptosis in the parental Jurkat cell line [8].
• Mustard oil placed on a small region of skin outside the mechanoreceptive firing zone produced a brief (185 +/- 35 sec, SEM) discharge of action potentials in 17 neurons and, in 23 cells, a prolonged increase of the response to a standard low- or high-intensity mechanical stimulus applied to the firing zone of the receptive field [9].
• Trigeminal afferents of the supratentorial dura mater were activated by mustard oil (MO) and the responses of second-order neurons to stimulation of the greater occipital nerve (GON) were studied before and after dural stimulation [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Artificial mustard oil

• Mustard oil-induced neurogenic inflammation in rat hindpaw skin was determined by Evans blue leakage and in the mouse ear with micrometry [11].
• Both types of conjugates caused considerable toxicity: allyl isothiocyanate conjugates gave effects comparable to the parent compound, but benzyl isothiocyanate was more toxic than its conjugates [12].
• The life span of Ehrlich ascites tumour bearing animals was also significantly enhanced to 152.4% and 95.2% by the treatment with PITC and AITC, respectively, implicating the anti-tumour activity of these compounds [13].

Biological context of Artificial mustard oil

• Allyl isothiocyanate caused Cu(II)-mediated DNA damage and formation of 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) more strongly than benzyl and phenethyl isothiocyanates [14].
• The data suggested that allyl isothiocyanate may stimulate histone acetylation rather than inhibit histone deacetylation [2].
• Allyl-isothiocyanate causes mitotic block, loss of cell adhesion and disrupted cytoskeletal structure in HT29 cells [4].
• SFN, PEITC and AITC each induced AP-1 activity potently and caused a significant elevation in the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, Elk-1 and c-Jun [15].
• Mustard oil injection alone without vertebral loading (n = 7) increased mean splenic SND (60%), renal SND (30%), and heart rate (HR; 52 bpm) [16].

Anatomical context of Artificial mustard oil

• In the animals pretreated with NK-1 antagonist only the responses to the second MO injection was significantly affected whereas NK-2 pretreatment reduced the EMG responses to both MO injections to the TMJ [17].
• In one group of rats, unilateral injections of an inflammatory substance, mustard oil (MO: 20%, 25 microl) were made into a masseter muscle [18].
• In the first series of experiments WIN-2 was applied topically prior to excitation of corneal nociceptors by mustard oil (MO) [19].
• Given this increased sensitivity of the cells to allyl isothiocyanate when in the transformed state, it is hypothesized that, when consumed in the human diet, this compound may protect against the development of colorectal cancer by selectively inhibiting the growth of transformed cell clones within the gastrointestinal mucosa [20].
• The MO, BK and especially CAP groups showed histological evidence of vasodilatation and polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration in the pulp tissue and a significant increase in plasma extravasation of Evans Blue dye, whereas mineral oil did not induce these changes [21].

Associations of Artificial mustard oil with other chemical compounds

• The production of allyl isothiocyanate from sinigrin was investigated in a dynamic in vitro large-intestinal model, after inoculation with a complex microflora of human origin [22].
• Since the NK-1 antagonist produced no systematic changes in responses elicited by the first MO injection, substance P does not seem to be associated directly with the initiation or maintenance of the EMG responses but may be involved if a 'central sensitization' has been induced by the first MO injection to the TMJ [17].
• The selective CB1 antagonist, SR141716A (1mg/kg, i.v.), prevented WIN-2-evoked reduction in Fos-LI after MO [19].
• Histone deacetylase in nuclei of DS19 cells was inhibited 74% by 0.5 mM allyl mercaptan and 43% by 0.5 mM butanethiol but was not significantly affected by 0.5 mM allyl isothiocyanate [2].
• However, allyl isothiocyanate and cinnamaldehyde (10-1000 microM) completely fail to interfere with the specific binding sites for the TRPV1 agonist [(3)H]-resiniferatoxin [23].

Gene context of Artificial mustard oil

• By contrast, the behavioral allodynia produced by MO in the PKCgamma-null mice, although reduced to approximately half that of the wild-type mice, persisted long after the lamina V hyperexcitability had subsided [24].
• Both allyl isothiocyanate and THC mediate their excitatory effects by activating ANKTM1, a member of the TRP ion channel family recently implicated in the detection of noxious cold [25].
• Histone acetyltransferase activity determined in cell homogenates was not increased by preincubation of cells with allyl isothiocyanate or inclusion of allyl isothiocyanate in the assay medium [2].
• Here we show that vanilloid receptor (TRPV1) stimulation with capsaicin and activation of TRPA1 with allyl isothiocyanate or cinnamaldehyde cause a graded contraction of the rat urinary bladder in vitro [23].
• In the present study, we investigated the regulatory role of different chemopreventive agents including sulforaphane (SUL), allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), indole-3-carbinol (I3C), and parthenolide (PTL), in the expression and degradation of Nrf2 and the induction of the antioxidant enzyme HO-1 [26].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Artificial mustard oil

• Moreover, following inflammation induced by subcutaneous injections of MO VMl neurons developed responses to both thermal and mechanical innocuous skin stimulation, reminiscent of allodynia phenomena [27].
• Mustard oil application enhanced significantly the EMG response to electrical stimulation and the effect increased with increasing age [28].
• Allyl isothiocyanate, a constituent of cruciferous vegetables, inhibits growth of PC-3 human prostate cancer xenografts in vivo [29].
• Furthermore, in animals pretreated with MK-801 microinjection (3 microg/0.3 microl) into the Vo, MO application to the pulp did not produce any significant changes in the RF and response properties of nociceptive neurons [30].
• Postnatal changes in the electromyographic (EMG) activity of jaw muscles evoked by mustard oil (MO) application into the rat temporomandibular joint region and the recurrence of increased jaw muscle activities after intravenous injection of naloxone were compared among 4, 6 and 8-week-old rats [31].

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